Micrometer scale zirconia toughened alumina particles (ZTA_p) reinforced high chromium cast iron (HCCI) matrix composites were prepared by the non-pressure infiltration casting process, which solved the poor compounding of micrometer scale ceramic particle preforms under seepage. The effects of the microstructure and the mechanical properties of ZTA_p reinforced HCCI matrix composites by micro-powder contents in the preforms were systematically investigated. Alloy powder content of 65 wt.%, 55 wt.%, 45 wt.%, 35 wt.% and 25 wt.% was added to the composite material respectively. Phases of the composites was identified by optical microscope (OM), energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) and x-ray diffraction (XRD). The best compressive properties of the composites were obtained when the content of alloy powder at 45 wt.%, which the strain reached 6.32% with a stress of 1229.63 ± 39.05 MPa. The fracture mechanism of the ZTA_p reinforced HCCI composites mainly was brittle fracture and the ductile fracture was minor. This study shows that the addition of micrometer powder was contributed to improve the organization and properties of the ZTA_p reinforced HCCI matrix composites. The reinforcement mechanism of composites not only depends on the load sharing of the reinforcing particles, the strength of the matrix was also critical.