Purpose: Indonesia is facing an increasing occurrence of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) every year. We assessed the modifiable, non-modifiable, and physiological risk factors of NCDs among the Indonesian population. Methods: Secondary data was analyzed from the 2018 Indonesian basic health research (RISKESDAS). The national survey included participants aged 15– 54 years and obtained 514,351 responses. Linear systematic two-stage sampling was conducted by RISKESDAS. Furthermore, chi-square and binary logistic regression were utilized to explore the determinant of NCDs with a significance level of 95%. Results: We found that almost 10% respondents in Indonesia had NCDs. We observed that depression has a higher odd (aOR: 2.343; 95% CI: 2.235– 2.456) contributed to NCDs and followed other factors such as no education (aOR: 1.049; 95% CI: 1.007– 1.092), passive smoking (aOR: 0.910; 95% CI: 0.878– 0.942), fatty food (aOR: 1.050; 95% CI: 1.029– 1.073), burnt food (aOR: 1.033; 95% CI: 1.005– 1.062), food with preservatives (aOR: 1.038; 95% CI: 1.002– 1.075), seasoned food (aOR: 1.057; 95% CI: 1.030– 1.084), soft drinks (aOR: 1.112; 95% CI: 1.057– 1.169), living in an urban area (aOR: 1.143; 95% CI: 1.119– 1.168), living in central Indonesia (1.243; 95% CI: 1.187– 1.302), being female (aOR: 1.235; 95% CI: 1.177– 1.25), and obese (aOR: 1.787; 95% CI: 1.686– 1.893). Conversely, people in Indonesia who undertook vigorous activity (aOR: 0.892; 95% CI: 0.864– 0.921), had employment (aOR: 0.814; 95% CI: 0.796– 0.834), had access to improved sources of drinking water (aOR: 0.910; 95% CI: 0.878– 0.942), and were aged 35– 44 years (aOR: 0.457; 95% CI: 0.446– 0.467) were less likely to develop NCDs. Conclusion: Modifiable, non-modifiable, and physiological risk factors have a significant influence on NCDs in Indonesia. This finding can be valuable information for Indonesian Government to arrange a cross-collaboration between government, healthcare workers, and society through advocacy, partnership, health promotion, early detection, and management of NCDs.

Background: Stigmatization attitudes among youths toward people living with HIV (PLWH) is still an issue and concern in Indonesia. The purpose of this study was to determine the regional disparities, levels of HIV-related knowledge, information, and contributions related to stigmatization attitudes among females aged 15–24 years in Indonesia. Methods: A cross-sectional study with The 2017 Indonesian Demographic Health Survey (IDHS) was used. A total of 12,691individual records of females aged 15–24 years were recruited through two-stage stratified cluster sampling. The endpoint was stigmatization attitude. Then, bivariate and multivariate binary logistics were performed. Results: The findings showed that female youths who have no HIV-related knowledge (62.15%) and some source of information (52.39%). The highest prevalence of stigmatizing attitude was 59.82%, on Java Island. Multivariate analysis showed that females living in Sulawesi and Kalimantan; those living in a rural area; and those with more HIV-related knowledge were less likely to have a stigmatizing attitude. Conversely, females with the middle- to richest-wealth index and had some HIV-related information were more likely to have a stigmatizing attitude. Conclusion: An understanding of stigmatizing attitudes should be considered through demographic factors, knowledge, and source of HIV-related information. The Indonesian government should pay more attention to indicators of HIV-related knowledge and information. Moreover, we suggest that the government collaborates with youths to disseminate information and restructure and reanalyze policies about HIV.

Context: The ability of self-manage was important for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients and it was supported and depend on the method used. We aimed to summarize the potential method of self-management to improve self-empowerment. Evidence Acquisition: To obtain the related data, 5 databases, including Scopus, Science Direct, ProQuest, CINAHL, and SAGE, were comprehensively searched. The search was done in advance using the Boolean operator. The full texts of articles presenting data on self-management methods were screened and retrieved. Results: A total of 22 studies were included in this review. Various self-management techniques were covered with primary and secondary outcomes. Primary outcomes included blood pressure, fasting blood glucose (FBG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL). Secondary outcomes included knowledge, self-efficacy, lifestyle habits, physical activity, diet, smoking, medical treatment, support, and health behavior. A goal-setting-oriented approach was effective in setting targets and gaining support from family members. A family-centered approach was effective in taking care of and taking good care of patients with T2DM. Strength training exercises provide patients with a choice of physical activity that can help them manage their blood sugar and blood pressure. Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) is a stress-reduction technique. The patient’s acceptance of the disease and treatment for diabetes is aided by education. Conclusions: A successful self-management method was one which balances and adapts to the patient's condition. Regardless of the age of the patients, the overall findings from the review suggest that self-management methods can help patients become healthier and improve their quality of life by controlling their hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) level.

Background: The cause-effect of stunting is known as a complex factor, including family, environmental, social, and cultural factors, in stunting among children. Yet, the latest updated associated factors emphasizing on social and environmental factors are still limited. Objective: This study aimed to analyze the latest evidence on the factors associated with stunting, with a particular focus on various factors. Methods: A secondary data analysis using the 2023 Indonesia Health Survey (Survei Kesehatan Indonesia [SKI] 2023) was conducted. This study analyzed a total of 78,049 (or 81,068 if weighted) children aged 5 years and younger who had a complete response to all interest variables. Bivariate analysis using the Pearson χ² test with a P value of <.05 for determining a significant association and a multivariate analysis for further analysis of the association between the outcome and each predictor were implemented. Results: The prevalence of stunting in this study was 15,958/78,049 children (19.69%). In the adjusted analysis, immunization status (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.34, 95% CI 1.22‐1.48; P<.001) and KPS (Kartu Perlindungan Sosial; Social Protection Card) ownership (aOR 1.13, 95% CI 1.05‐1.21; P<.001) were significantly associated with higher odds of stunting. Conversely, children in the wealthiest quintile were significantly less likely to experience stunting compared to those from the poorest families (aOR 0.47, 95% CI 0.42‐0.52; P<.001). Other variables, such as household water sources (aOR 1.18, 95% CI 1.00‐1.37; P=.04), and geographical location, particularly in Sulawesi (aOR 1.23, 95% CI 1.14‐1.33; P<.001) and Papua and Maluku (aOR 1.20, 95% CI 1.08‐1.33; P<.001), were also significantly associated with increased odds of stunting. Conclusion: Not receiving immunization, consuming water from unimproved sources, ownership of a Social Protection Card, and living in regions such as eastern Indonesia were significantly associated with childhood stunting. These findings emphasize that social and environmental factors remain critical determinants of stunting. Improving multifaceted and holistic interventions, with a focus on immunization coverage, good water access, social protection, and reducing regional disparities, is essential to accelerate progress toward stunting reduction targets.

Psychological problems commonly experienced by patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) cause diabetes fatigue conditions that can further worsen the treatment prognosis. We conducted this investigation to determine the effectiveness of a resilience-based Islamic program on diabetes fatigue and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) by measuring the biochemical indicators of T2DM. This was a quasi-experimental study performed from May to August 2021, in which 80 respondents aged 18–64 years diagnosed with T2DM were included through purposive sampling at a male:female sex ratio of 1:1 in the control group and 17:23 in the treatment group. A resilience-based Islamic program (a combination of stress management, mindfulness, prayer, and dhikr (the ritual formula of Sufi brotherhood recited devotionally in praise of Allah and as a means of attaining ecstatic experience)) was implemented in the treatment group for six sessions by blended online and offline interventions. Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory-20 and World Health Organization Quality of Life, Brief Form were used to evaluate diabetes fatigue and HRQoL. Blood tests were performed to measure HbA1c, total antioxidant serum, insulin, cholesterol, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) levels from baseline to 3 months. Statistical analyses were conducted using paired t test, Wilcoxon signed-rank test, independent t test, and Mann–Whitney U test. The resilience-based Islamic program had a beneficial impact on the levels of HbA1c (p < 0.001), lipid profile (triglyceride) (p = 0.011), HDL-c (p = 0.01), LDL-c (p < 0.001), total antioxidant serum (p = 0.001), insulin (p < 0.001), diabetes fatigue (p < 0.05), and HRQoL (p < 0.05) in patients of the treatment group. The results of biochemical tests related to T2DM also indicated a reduction in diabetes fatigue and an increase in HRQoL due to the resilience-based Islamic program. Considering that a patient’s resilience to diabetes is an important factor in the management of diabetes fatigue, the resilience-based Islamic program can be applied at public health centers and community levels to increase T2DM resilience.