Imaging the unforeseen fate of neutrophils: Inflammation that results from insults such as ischemia and reperfusion or trauma in the absence of microorganisms is known as “sterile inflammation.” Neutrophils are recruited in vast numbers during sterile inflammation and have been thought to play a detrimental role. Wang et al. used intravital microscopy to show that neutrophils actually perform helpful tasks such as removing and regenerating thermally damaged blood vessels in the liver (see the Perspective by Garner and de Visser). Moreover, neutrophils neither die nor are phagocytosed. Instead, they return to the circulation in a process called “reverse transmigration,” making a pit stop in the lungs, before ending their lives where they began—in the bone marrow. Thus, a reconsideration of the use of anti-neutrophil therapies after injury may be warranted. Science , this issue p. 111 ; see also p. 42

▪ Abstract Nitric oxide (NO) is synthesized from L-arginine by NO synthase (NOS). As an endothelium-derived relaxing factor, a mediator of immune responses, a neurotransmitter, a cytotoxic free radical, and a signaling molecule, NO plays crucial roles in virtually every cellular and organ function in the body. The discovery of NO synthesis has unified traditionally diverse research areas in nutrition, physiology, immunology, pathology, and neuroscience. Increasing evidence over the past decade shows that many dietary factors, including protein, amino acids, glucose, fructose, cholesterol, fatty acids, vitamins, minerals, phytoestrogens, ethanol, and polyphenols, are either beneficial to health or contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic diseases partially through modulation of NO production by inducible NOS or constitutive NOS. Although most published studies have focused on only a single nutrient and have generated new and exciting knowledge, future studies are necessary to investigate the interactions of dietary factors on NO synthesis and to define the underlying molecular mechanisms.