This paper presents a novel algorithm for compensating the changes in conductance signatures of a piezo sensor due to the temperature variation employed in condition monitoring using the electro-mechanical impedance (EMI) approach. It is crucial to consider the changes in an EMI signature due to temperature before using it for comparison with the baseline signature. The shifts in the signature due to temperature can be misinterpreted as damages to the structure, which might also result in a false alarm. In the present study, the compensation values are calculated based on experiments on piezo sensors both in a free boundary condition and in a bonded condition on a metallic host structure. The values were further validated experimentally for damage detection on a large 2D steel plate structure. The variation in first natural frequency values for the unbonded piezo sensor at different temperatures has been used to develop the compensation algorithms. Whereas, in the case of the bonded sensor, the shift in structural peaks has been used. The developed compensation relations showed promising results in damage detection. Lastly, a finite element-based study has also been performed, supporting the experimental findings. The outcome of this study will aid in the compensation of the signatures in the structure due to temperature variation in the conductance signature.

Three-dimensional printed concrete (3DPC) has received growing attention as digital fabrication technologies continue to influence construction workflows. This study presents a systematic review of research published between 2015 and 2026, following PRISMA guidelines. Based on the reviewed literature, six opportunity categories and six challenge categories were identified. The opportunities include design optimization, construction speed, materials innovation, labor reduction, remote area construction, and circular economy. The findings show that material innovation is the most extensively researched category; a substantial proportion of the literature focuses on materials, rheology, printability, and structural behavior, reflecting an emphasis on improving fresh-state properties, interlayer bonding, and mechanical performance. The second most researched opportunity is design optimization, followed by the circular economy. Research in the remaining three categories of construction speed, labor reduction, and remote area construction appears to be limited. The main challenges identified include reinforcement integration, structural performance, mixing and curing, high equipment costs, durability, and the lack of standards. High equipment costs and the lack of standards appear to be the least researched challenges, while the four remaining challenge categories are actively addressed by the research community.