Composites with fiber reinforcement are often a popular lightweight option. Due to their unique qualities, fiber-reinforced composites are the best alternative to traditional materials. Mechanical parameters of a carbon fiber-reinforced epoxy resin (CFRE) composite reinforced with date seed granulated powder (DSGP) were examined at the room temperature. The mechanical qualities included tensile, flexural, and impact strength. Enhanced mechanical properties were noticed compared to carbon fiber reinforced epoxy composite produced using the hand lay-up method and vacuum bag. The DSGP-reinforced CFRE with weight ratios of 0%, 15%, 25%, and 35% were considered. The test results revealed the maximum values of breaking force, maximum bending force, energy absorption capacity, and hardness number for 15%, 35%, 25%, 25% Wt DSGP samples. The results show that the optimal composition for carbon fiber reinforced epoxy with date seed granules is in the range from 15% to 25% wt. GDS. This study reveals that carbon fiber-date seed-reinforced composites are excellent substitutes for carbon fiber composites since they offer better mechanical properties at a lower cost.

In this study, the impact of methanol-diesel fuel blends on the performance and exhaust emissions of a four-cylinder, four-stroke, direct injection, turbocharged diesel engine was experimentally analyzed. This investigation was conducted in response to increasingly strict regulations on exhaust emissions for newly manufactured diesel engines. The blends used had methanol content ranging from 0% to 5%, 10% with 15% increments. Engine performance tests were conducted on a dynamometer, varying engine speed from 1000 min⁻¹ to 2700 min⁻¹. The results reveal that although all fuels exhibit increased power output with rising engine speed, incorporating methanol results in a power reduction of approximately 4% for M5, 9% for M10, and 13% for M15 compared to pure diesel. Conversely, the brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) improves with methanol addition, decreasing by roughly 5%, 10%, and 14% for M5, M10, and M15, respectively, which suggests enhanced combustion efficiency. Furthermore, carbon monoxide (CO) emissions drop significantly with higher methanol content, showing reductions of about 13%, 27%, and 40% for the M5, M10, and M15 blends, respectively, relative to standard diesel. Balancing the observed trade-offs between power loss and efficiency gains, the 10% methanol blend (M10) emerges as the optimal fuel mixture, offering substantial improvements in fuel economy and emission reductions with only a moderate decrease in engine power.

A high-velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF) system was employed to prepare a Fe_49.7Cr₁₈Mn_1.9Mo_7.4W_1.6B_15.2C_3.8Si_2.4 amorphous coating on mild steel. The electrochemical behavior of the resultant coatings, namely as-sprayed coating and vacuum heat-treated coating (at 650 °C and 800 °C), were investigated in a 3.5% NaCl solution at variable temperatures using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), potentiodynamic polarization, optical microscopy (OM), and XRD diffraction. Moreover, COMSOL Multiphysics version 5.5 software were employed for predicting the galvanic corrosion of amorphous material immersed in an aqueous NaCl solution, using the software finite element kit. The experiments demonstrated that the coatings’ pitting resistance was significantly affected by temperature. The results also showed that temperature affected the pitting corrosion rate and changed the shape of the pits. However, the changes were not as extreme as those observed in stainless steel. Furthermore, there was no significant difference between the as-sprayed coating and the vacuum-heat-treated coating at 650 °C. At low NaCl concentrations at and temperatures below the critical pitting temperature, the resulting pits were significantly small with a hemisphere-like. By contrast, at a higher NaCl concentration at 70 °C, particularly in the case of heating at 650 °C, the pits appearing on the Fe-based amorphous coating were vast and sometimes featured a lacy cover.

In order to evaluate the model metallic glass alloy’s mechanical properties (Fe49.7 Cr17.1 Mn1.9 Mo7.4 W1.6 B15.2 C3.8 Si2.4) prepared by spark plasma sintering (SPS) which have high velocity. We made an apparatus having three-point curve testing. The comparatively bulk sizes of sample in the current study permitted the creation samples for test with a macro scale cross-section (range of mm) consistent test dimensions, and well-controlled sample sizes. Cutting using a wire saw produced remarkably sharp notches with a radius that was 3 times smaller than in earlier studies. Our three-point bending apparatus allowed us to acquire the 231 GPa and 4.91 MPam1/2 values for notch fracture toughness and young's modulus. Additionally, the results of the Vickers indentation and flexure tests for young's modulus were reliable. Vickers indentation measurements of indentation fracture toughness produced values that were a minimum of 49.9% lower than those obtained flexure using. The method for examine micro scale mechanical properties described in this study and the accompanying scrutinizes are valid to samples with different ones or compositions that are made by further means.

The fracture and crack growth of materials can be practically and conveniently predicted through numerical analysis and linear elastics fracture mechanics. On this basis, the current study aims to present experimental work supported by a numerical technique for mimicking the crack propagation by Version 5.6 of COMSOL Multiphysics (version 5.6), used for the simulation of the coating made from Fe-based amorphous material with a thickness of 300 µm. The paper shows the effects of mixed-mode loading on cohesive zone parameters attained from load-crack mouth opening displacement (CMOD) curves. The microstructure dominates the fracture, which in mode I is altered from all-transgranular cleavage to nearly all-intergranular structure in mode II. Two common criteria for failure are linked to the mixed-mode results: Maximum energy release rate criterion (Maximum G) and maximum tensile stress criterion (Maximum S). However, distinguishing between the two criteria is made impossible by the large scatter in the data. The stress intensity factor is the basis for the. The stress intensity factor is the leading parameter facilitated by the singular element and should be estimated with accuracy. With the aim of comparing each criterion and illustrating the numerical schemes’ robustness, a number of examples are presented. It can be concluded that the Maximum G and Maximum S were successful and accurate in predicting the propagation of the Fe-based amorphous material prepared on mild steel.

The goal of this research is to determine how different types of engine oil affect how well a four-stroke, single-cylinder, air-cooled, direct-injection diesel engine performs and how much pollution it produces. At 1000, 2000, and 2500 rpm, the engine was linked to a hydraulic dynamometer and driven with a continuous load of 4.0 N·m. Local Baghdad Oil (B1), Gulf Oil (G1), and PRO-TEC Oil (P1) – three lubricating oils – were assessed. Using an AIRREX HG-540 gas analyser, engine performance and emissions were assessed based on brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC), exhaust gas temperature, and nitrogen oxides (NOₓ), carbon monoxide (CO), and carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions. For all oils, results show that BSFC dropped as engine speed rose. PRO-TEC Oil (P1) had the lowest BSFC of 0.290 kg/kWh at 2500 rpm; Baghdad Oil (B1) had the highest value of 0.351 kg/kWh at 1000 rpm. Exhaust gas temperature increased with speed, reaching a maximum of 243°C for B1 at 2500 rpm; P1 consistently had the lowest exhaust gas temperature, with a minimum of 188°C. As engine speed rose, CO emissions rose; P1 had the highest value at 1000 rpm (0.018%), while B1 had the lowest (0.013%). Rising speed also increased CO₂ and NOₓ emissions; B1 had the highest NOₓ (300.1 ppm) and CO₂ (2.451%), whereas P1 consistently showed the lowest emissions. The outcomes highlight the advantages of oils with improved viscosity and thermal stability for enhanced performance and decreased environmental impact by showing that engine oil qualities greatly influence diesel engine efficiency and emissions.