In this study, it was aimed to reveal the physical and chemical characterization of the bone structures during body development periods (prepubertal period, period between adolescence and adulthood) and after (young adult period and old adult period) in male and female guinea pigs. In this study, 40 guinea pigs (20 male, 20 female) were used. Morphometric measurements, X‐ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis for mineral levels, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis for surface area, and porosity analysis were applied to the bones. The male guinea pigs had greater values than females in the other three categories, with the exception of the second group, when the females have higher values in morphometric measurements. Ca levels rose up to the third group, as did P levels in the males, peaking in the third group and declining in the fourth. As with phosphorus, there was a progressive rise in females from the first to the fourth group. Fe, Zn, and Sr elements had the greatest values in both genders in the first group. In all four groups, the females had greater Zn levels than males. The highest Ca/P ratio was found in the third male group and the fourth female group. This study revealed that adolescence, adulthood, and gender are effective in the physical and chemical characterization of bone structure in guinea pigs.

Even though morphometric and mineral studies related to the guinea pig (Cavia porcellus) skull have been carried out, this study is the first attempt to evaluate all developmental stages of male and female guinea pigs. This study aims to this study is to create 3D modeling of CT images obtained from the skulls of male and female guinea pigs during the developmental period (prepuberty and the period between puberty and adulthood) and following periods (young adulthood and old adulthood), to analyze some biometric bone data such as volume, surface area and length, and to assess the developmental analysis of the mineral matter change in their skulls. The CT-scanned skulls were transferred to 3D Slicer (5.0.2), which is used for 3D modeling. The surface area and volume were calculated by measuring the measurement points on the models. In addition, the XRF device was used to show elemental ratio changes during different developmental stages. According to metric measurements, a gradual increase was observed during the life period. The metric measurements of the skull bone had a higher measurement value in male guinea pigs than in their female counterparts. While Ca/P ratio increased up to the third group and partially decreased in the fourth group in males, it gradually increased from the first group to the fourth group in females. This study revealed that puberty, adulthood and sex were effective in the physical and chemical characterization of skull bone structure in guinea pigs.

Objective: SARS-CoV-2 infection induces virus-specific antibody production, and in some cases, these antibodies may cross-react with self-antigens, contributing to the development of autoantibodies. This raises the possibility that the magnitude of the antibody response may be associated with the emergence of antinuclear antibodies (ANAs). This study aimed to investigate the relationship between SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels and ANA positivity. Materials and Methods: SARS-CoV-2 antibodies were quantified using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit with a dynamic range of 1–475 RU/mL. The positivity threshold was 10 RU/mL, and high SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels were defined as >235 RU/mL (>75% Bo/B in the calibration curve). Samples from individuals with chronic diseases were excluded. Because the number of highly positive samples was limited, these samples were identified first, and negative and moderately positive groups were then formed through random selection. Antinuclear antibodies, including anti–double-stranded DNA (anti-dsDNA), anti–extractable nuclear antigens (anti-ENA), and anti–HEp-2 nucleus antibodies, were measured using commercial ELISA kits. Results: A total of 1222 samples were screened. After excluding 246 samples, 976 remained eligible. The mean ANA levels and positivity rates for the negative, positive, and high-positive groups were as follows: dsDNA, 0.75 (14.9%), 0.55 (7.5%), 0.85 (29.9%); ENA, 0.75 (14.9%), 0.55 (7.5), 0.85 (29.9%); and Hep-2 nucleus, 0.75 (14.9%), 0.55 (7.5%), 0.85 (29.9%). The high-positive group had significantly higher ANA levels and ANA positivity rates compared with the negative and moderate-positive groups (p<0.001). Notably, the moderately positive group had lower ANA levels and positivity rates than the negative group (p<0.001). Conclusion: The findings suggest that ANA production may increase in individuals with a very high SARS-CoV-2 antibody response, while lower ANA levels were observed in those with a moderate antibody response. These results indicate that the relationship between virus-specific antibody magnitude and autoantibody development is more complex than expected. Given the clinical and immunological implications, further comprehensive studies are needed to clarify the underlying mechanisms.

Aim: The aim of the present study is to determine the effect of basketball training on the creatinine, urea, and electrolyte balance of basketball players.Materials and Methods: The present was conducted by a total of 34 healthy young boys. Participants were randomly divided into 2 groups to be the control group (n=17) and the training group (n=17). The training groups underwent two hours of basketball training for five days a week in a span of eight weeks.Results: As the results of the present study, urea, creatinine, and plasma mineral levels increased statistically significant. Creatinine, urea, and blood urea nitrogen were significantly affected by the training (p<0.005). Sodium, potassium, phosphorus, chlorine (p<0.05), magnesium, calcium and iron (p<0.005) levels were also significantly affected by the training.Conclusion: The regular exercise training increased the levels of urea, creatinine and plasma minerals by affecting the creatinine, urea and electrolyte balance of basketball players.