Wound healing is an intricate process involving coordinated interactions among inflammatory cells, skin fibroblasts, keratinocytes, and endothelial cells. Successful tissue repair hinges on controlled inflammation, angiogenesis, and remodeling facilitated by the exchange of cytokines and growth factors. Comorbid conditions can disrupt this process, leading to significant morbidity and mortality. Stem cell therapy has emerged as a promising strategy for enhancing wound healing, utilizing cells from diverse sources such as endothelial progenitor cells, bone marrow, adipose tissue, dermal, and inducible pluripotent stem cells. In this systematic review, we comprehensively investigated stem cell therapies in chronic wounds, summarizing the clinical, translational, and primary literature. A systematic search across PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and Cochrane Library yielded 22,454 articles, reduced to 44 studies after rigorous screening. Notably, adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AD-MSCs) emerged as an optimal choice due to their abundant supply, easy isolation, ex vivo proliferative capacities, and pro-angiogenic factor secretion. AD-MSCs have shown efficacy in various conditions, including peripheral arterial disease, diabetic wounds, hypertensive ulcers, bullous diabeticorum, venous ulcers, and post-Mohs micrographic surgery wounds. Delivery methods varied, encompassing topical application, scaffold incorporation, combination with plasma-rich proteins, and atelocollagen administration. Integration with local wound care practices resulted in reduced pain, shorter healing times, and improved cosmesis. Stem cell transplantation represents a potential therapeutic avenue, as transplanted stem cells not only differentiate into diverse skin cell types but also release essential cytokines and growth factors, fostering increased angiogenesis. This approach holds promise for intractable wounds, particularly chronic lower-leg wounds, and as a post-Mohs micrographic surgery intervention for healing defects through secondary intention. The potential reduction in healthcare costs and enhancement of patient quality of life further underscore the attractiveness of stem cell applications in wound care. This systematic review explores the clinical utilization of stem cells and stem cell products, providing valuable insights into their role as ancillary methods in treating chronic wounds.

Follicular skin disorders, including hidradenitis suppurativa (HS), frequently coexist with systemic autoinflammatory diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and its subtypes, Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. Previous studies suggest that dysbiosis of the human gut microbiome may serve as a pathogenic link between HS and IBD. However, the role of the microbiome (gut, skin, and blood) in the context of IBD and various follicular disorders remains underexplored. Here, we performed a systematic review to investigate the relationship between follicular skin disorders, IBD, and the microbiome. Of the sixteen included studies, four evaluated the impact of diet on the microbiome in HS patients, highlighting a possible link between gut dysbiosis and yeast-exclusion diets. Ten studies explored bacterial colonization and HS severity with specific gut and skin microbiota, including Enterococcus and Veillonella. Two studies reported on immunological or serological biomarkers in HS patients with autoinflammatory disease, including IBD, and identified common markers including elevated cytokines and T-lymphocytes. Six studies investigated HS and IBD patients concurrently. Our systematic literature review highlights the complex interplay between the human microbiome, IBD, and follicular disorders with a particular focus on HS. The results indicate that dietary modifications hold promise as a therapeutic intervention to mitigate the burden of HS and IBD. Microbiota analyses and the identification of key serological biomarkers are crucial for a deeper understanding of the impact of dysbiosis in these conditions. Future research is needed to more thoroughly delineate the causal versus associative roles of dysbiosis in patients with both follicular disorders and IBD.

Introduction: Wound healing is a complex cascade involving the orchestration of inflammatory cells, skin fibroblasts, keratinocytes, and endothelial cells. These cells achieve tissue repair through an interchange of cytokines and growth factors through a controlled inflammation, angiogenesis, and remodeling process. Disruptions in the wound-healing process by comorbid conditions lead to significant morbidity and mortality. Stem cell therapy has emerged as a new strategy to facilitate the wound healing process. Stem cells harvested from different sources can be used for wound repair and regeneration (endothelial progenitor cells, bone marrow, adipose tissue, dermal and inducible pluripotent stem cells). We aimed to review clinical, translational, and primary literature on stem cell therapies in chronic wounds and summarize practical clinical applications to dermatological care. Materials and Methods: A comprehensive search of Pubmed, Embase, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and Cochrane Library was conducted for studies relating to stem cells and wound healing. Duplicate results were removed using Covidence. Titles and abstracts were screened by two independent researchers (BF and KR), with discrepancies resolved through discussion and mutual agreement. Articles were excluded if they were review-type or commentary-type articles. Results: A total of 22,454 articles were retrieved from the search. Deduplication removed 905, and automation removed an additional 18,363 articles. After an initial screening of titles and abstracts, 170 articles remained. Full-text screening resulted in an additional 126 articles being removed, leaving 44 included studies. Discussion: Stem cells used for wound repair and regeneration include endothelial progenitor stem cells and adult stem cells, in the forms of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells, adipose tissue stem cells, and inducible pluripotent stem cells. Among these sources, adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AD-MSCs) are ideally used due to the abundant supply of fat tissue, ease of isolation, extensive proliferative capacities ex vivo, and their ability to secrete pro-angiogenic factors. AD-MSCs have been used to enhance wound healing in peripheral arterial disease, diabetic wounds, hypertensive ulcers, bullous diabeticorum, venous ulcers, and postsurgical wounds after Mohs micrographic surgery. These cells have been delivered to the tissue topically, with scaffolds, combined with plasma-rich proteins, and through atelocollagen in various human studies. These approaches, when combined with local wound care practices, resulted in decreased pain, shorter wound healing times, and better cosmesis. Conclusions: Stem cell transplantation is a potential therapeutic approach in the wound healing process. Transplanted stem cells do not only differentiate into multiple skin cell types but also provide cytokine and growth factors required for wound healing resulting in increased angiogenesis. Thus, this approach may be regarded as an attractive option for intractable wounds that cause major clinical problems, especially chronic lower leg wounds. It can also be used after Mohs micrographic surgery for defects left to heal by secondary intention. Stem cell application may reduce the overall cost burden on the healthcare system and improve the quality of life for patients.

Skin cancer is one of the most prevalent cancers worldwide, with increasing incidence. Skin cancer is typically classified as melanoma or non-melanoma skin cancer. Although melanoma is less common than basal or squamous cell carcinomas, it is the deadliest form of cancer, with nearly 8300 Americans expected to die from it each year. Biopsies are currently the gold standard in diagnosing melanoma; however, they can be invasive, expensive, and inaccessible to lower-income individuals. Currently, suspicious lesions are triaged with image-based technologies, such as dermoscopy and confocal microscopy. While these techniques are useful, there is wide inter-user variability and minimal training for dermatology residents on how to properly use these devices. The use of artificial intelligence (AI)-based technologies in dermatology has emerged in recent years to assist in the diagnosis of melanoma that may be more accessible to all patients and more accurate than current methods of screening. This review explores the current status of the application of AI-based algorithms in the detection of melanoma, underscoring its potential to aid dermatologists in clinical practice. We specifically focus on AI application in clinical imaging, dermoscopic evaluation, algorithms that can distinguish melanoma from non-melanoma skin cancers, and in vivo skin imaging devices.

Regenerative medicine holds significant promise for addressing diseases and irreversible damage that are challenging to treat with conventional methods, making it a prominent research focus in modern medicine. Research on stem cells, a key area within regenerative medicine due to their self-renewal capabilities, is expanding, positioning them as a novel therapeutic option. Stem cells, utilized in various treatments, are categorized based on their differentiation potential and the source tissue. The term ‘stem cell’ encompasses a broad spectrum of cells, which can be derived from embryonic tissues, adult tissues, or generated by reprogramming differentiated cells. These cells, applied across numerous medical disciplines including cardiovascular, neurological, and hematological disorders, as well as wound healing, demonstrate varying therapeutic applications based on their differentiation capacities, each presenting unique advantages and limitations. Nevertheless, the existing literature lacks a comprehensive synthesis examining stem cell therapy and its cellular subtypes across different medical specialties. This review addresses this lacuna by collectively categorizing contemporary stem cell research according to medical specialty and stem cell classification, offering an exhaustive analysis of their respective benefits and constraints, thereby elucidating multifaceted perspectives on the clinical implementation of this therapeutic modality.

Despite therapeutic advancements, malignant melanoma remains a leading cause of skin cancer-related mortality, with incidence continuing to rise globally. Traditional prognostic tools offer important clinical guidance but fail to capture the biological heterogeneity of melanoma or reliably predict responses to emerging therapies. In this review, we summarize recent advances in prognostic and predictive molecular biomarkers reported over the past five years. We discuss immunohistochemical and tissue-based markers, circulating biomarkers, microRNAs, and gene expression profiles that enhance risk stratification and inform surveillance strategies. We also review immune-related markers that may predict response to immune-checkpoint inhibitor therapy. Lastly, we highlight investigational biomarkers—including gene signatures, epigenomic alterations, and microbiome influences—that are shaping the future landscape. Together, these advances reflect a shift toward precision oncology in melanoma, with the integration of biomarker-driven strategies offering the potential to personalize treatment and improve patient outcomes.