Infertility is defined as the inability of a sexually active couple, not using contraception, to achieve a spontaneous pregnancy within 12 months. It affects an estimated 8% to 12% of couples worldwide, with 30% to 50% of cases attributable, either primarily or in part, to male factors. Despite the increasing number of assisted reproductive technology (ART) procedures performed globally, improvements in fertilization and pregnancy outcomes have been limited. The need to improve diagnostic accuracy and therapeutic efficiency has driven the development of artificial intelligence (AI) in reproductive medicine. This narrative review aims to explore how AI is transforming the diagnosis and treatment of male infertility. AI technologies are nowadays being used to automate and refine semen analysis, providing more reliable assessments of sperm morphology, motility, and concentration. These innovations enable clinicians to improve the prediction of semen quality and to identify which patients might benefit most from specific interventions, such as sperm retrieval in cases of non-obstructive azoospermia or the selection of optimal sperm cells for reproductive techniques. Moreover, advanced AI algorithms—including support vector machines, deep neural networks, and decision trees—outperform traditional methods, offering greater precision and reducing subjectivity in laboratory evaluations. Additionally, AI is being utilized to estimate the chances of success with assisted reproductive techniques, assess sperm DNA fragmentation, and guide the selection of sperm. The integration of AI into clinical practice not only enables more accessible and personalized diagnoses but also opens new perspectives for the development of individualized treatments, optimizing reproductive outcomes. However, further multicenter validation of AI-based models, methodological standardization, and careful consideration of ethical and privacy issues are necessary before widespread clinical adoption.

BACKGROUND: Renal cysts are the most frequently occurring incidental renal lesions. They are asymptomatic, which explains why they tend to be diagnosed incidentally as a result of imaging tests. In cases where malignancy is suspected, there are various therapeutic alternatives. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to review the diagnostic and therapeutic alternatives for cystic renal lesions. METHOD: A systematic search was conducted in Pubmed, Science Direct, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases between May and October 2022. The review of articles was conducted following the methodological recommendations of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 Statement. As a result, 25 articles were selected. RESULTS: Thirteen studies focused on diagnostic management. In five of the cases ultrasound was used, multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) was considered in six articles, and computerized tomography (CT) was studied in three. Eleven papers were retrospective series, one of the studies was prospective, and one was a simulated cost-effectiveness model. Among the 12 articles on treatment, five focused on surgery and one on the results of active surveillance, while three compared active surveillance with other treatments. Four articles assessed the percutaneous approach and radiofrequency ablation. All articles were retrospective cohorts. CONCLUSIONS: CT is the most standard of the tests. In doubtful cases, mpMRI and ultrasound can serve as complementary tests. Partial nephrectomy is currently the gold standard treatment and the results are similar for both open and laparoscopic approaches. Percutaneous radiofrequency treatments produce reasonable survival rates free of local recurrence and metastasis and are recommended in patients with high surgical risk.

Background and Objectives: Prostate cancer (PCa) is a common disease, with a significant number of patients initially diagnosed with locoregional or distant metastases. This is why it is essential to have imaging tests with sufficient sensitivity and specificity. Given the recognized limitations of traditional imaging methods, PSMA-PET has emerged as a promising tool that may revolutionize the management of PCa. Material and Methods: We conducted a comprehensive literature review from August to October 2023 using databases and a review of key clinical guidelines on the topic, focusing on the sensitivity and specificity of PSMA-PET, its use in detecting lymph node metastases (LNm), its integration into nomograms, its comparison with conventional imaging and current guideline recommendations. Results: After considering the search strategy, as well as the inclusion and exclusion criteria, four articles and five guidelines were particularly considered in this review. Most of them suggest high specificity and limited sensitivity for ⁶⁸Ga-PSMA-PET, with increased detection rates compared to conventional imaging modalities, especially in high-risk PCa patients. However, it cannot replace an extended pelvic lymph node dissection (ePLND) at this time. Conclusions: Although the enhanced sensitivity and specificity of PSMA-PET relative to conventional imaging modalities offers a more precise evaluation of disease extent, prospective studies demonstrating a survival benefit are currently lacking; therefore, caution is advised when making therapeutic decisions.

Background and Objectives: Prostate cancer (PCa) is a common disease with a significant amount of patients first diagnose with locoregional or distant metastases. This is why it is essential to have imaging tests with sufficient sensitivity and specificity. Having traditional imaging methods with recognized limitations, PET-PSMA is born as a weapon to revolutionize the management of PCa. Material and Methods: We made a comprehensive literature review from August to October 2023 using databases and also a review of key clinical guidelines with the topic, focusing on sensitivity and specificity on PSMA-PET, its use in detecting lymph node metastases (LNm), integration into nomograms, comparison with conventional imaging and current guideline recommendations. Results: After considering search strategy, inclusion and exclusion criteria; 4 articles and 5 guidelines were particularly taken into account in this review. Most of them conclude with high specificity and limited sensitivity for 68Ga-PSMA-PET, increasing detection rates with respect to conventional imaging modalities, specially in high-risk PCa patients; but it cannot replace an extended pelvic lymph node dissection (ePLND) at this time. Conclusions: Although PSMA-PET enhanced sensitivity and specificity over conventional imaging modalities offer a more precise evaluation of disease extent; currently, prospective studies demonstrating a survival benefit are lacking, so caution is advised when making therapeutic decisions.