Francis Kagai

Francis Kagai

School of Science, Computing and Eng Technologies, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
orcid

Research Focus & Metrics

Academic Career Length

4Years (2023-Present)

(Calculated once Scilit publication data is synced: current year − year of first publication + 1)

Representative Publications

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23 September 2024 in IEEE Access
Verified
Journal Article
Open access
FKFrancis Kagai
Francis Kagai
Philip BranchPhilip Branch
Philip Branch
JBJason But
Jason But
RARebecca Allen
Rebecca Allen
MRMark Rice
Mark Rice
Communication infrastructure is crucial during emergencies because it ensures reliable coordination and information dissemination for effective search and rescue missions. However, these systems rely on physical structures, making them vulnerable to failures caused by disasters like fires and flooding. To enhance resilience, redundant infrastructure is commonly practiced. For instance, redundant systems ensure continuous operation in space missions where repairs are not feasible. A major gap exists, however, as redundancy is not a viable solution for remote areas without existing communication infrastructure. Additionally, victims may need to evacuate to safety zones not covered by mainstream communication systems. In such cases, alternative infrastructure that is easy to deploy is required to address emergency communication challenges fully. This paper presents a framework to analyze the deployability of current satellite communication infrastructure for this purpose. The analysis focuses on deployability dynamics, elements, and applications. We start by discussing the evolution of satellite ground stations into mobile and software-defined systems. In the analysis, we find that, despite these advancements, current infrastructure fails to provide a single device that meets low power and low-cost rapid deployment requirements based on our deployability framework. The product that almost fulfils this is the satellite phone. However, satellite phones are prohibitively expensive for large-scale deployments, with a single device costing over 600 United States Dollars (USD), more than ten times the cost of Internet of Things (IoT) devices supporting similar technologies. Additionally, they are not power efficient. The high cost of satellite applications is associated with spectrum licensing and satellite infrastructural costs. We have analyzed satellite communication frequency bands and architectural design, such as antenna designs, communication protocols and standards, modulation techniques, and signal processing methods, to understand the important factors toward full deployability. Our comprehensive analysis reveals a gap in addressing interoperability issues caused by disparate communication standards, processing power and energy requirements. Further analysis reveals promising open-source initiatives that offer potential solutions, such as low-data rate modulation schemes, low-bitrate voice codecs, and low-power encryption techniques. Additionally, advancements in Artificial Intelligence(AI) and robust cybersecurity techniques provide a solid foundation for future developments of rapidly deployable satellite-based emergency communication infrastructure. Consequently, we have identified opportunities for developing low-power, frequency-agile architectures that integrate satellite and terrestrial network infrastructure. Specifically, the next-generation Cospas-Sarsat Search and Rescue system provides a pathway for eliminating spectrum licensing costs, making deployable systems affordable for mass adoption. Future work should leverage advancements in low-bitrate technologies to enhance emergency systems, ensuring secure and resilient two-way voice, messaging, and distress signalling capabilities for critical communications.

18 December 2025 in Telecom
Verified
Journal Article
Open access
PDF file
FKFrancis Kagai
Francis Kagai
Philip BranchPhilip Branch
Philip Branch
JBJason But
Jason But
RARebecca Allen
Rebecca Allen
Telecommunication infrastructures rely on cryptographic protocols designed for long-term confidentiality, yet data exchanged today faces future exposure when adversaries acquire quantum or large-scale computational capabilities. This harvest-now, decrypt-later (HNDL) threat transforms persistent communication records into time-dependent vulnerabilities. We model HNDL as a temporal cybersecurity risk, formalizing the adversarial process of deferred decryption and quantifying its impact across sectors with varying confidentiality requirements. Our framework evaluates how delayed post-quantum cryptography (PQC) migration amplifies exposure and how hybrid key exchange and forward-secure mechanisms mitigate it. Results show that high-retention sectors such as satellite and health networks face exposure windows extending decades under delayed PQC adoption, while hybrid and forward-secure approaches reduce this risk horizon by over two-thirds. We demonstrate that temporal exposure is a measurable function of data longevity and migration readiness, introducing a network-centric model linking quantum vulnerability to communication performance and governance. Our findings underscore the urgent need for crypto-agile infrastructures that maintain confidentiality as a continuous assurance process throughout the quantum transition.

28 July 2025 in Computer Networks
Verified
Journal Article
Open access
FKFrancis Kagai
Francis Kagai
Philip BranchPhilip Branch
Philip Branch
JBJason But
Jason But
RARebecca Allen
Rebecca Allen
MRMark Rice
Mark Rice

24 June 2026 in Blockchain: Research and Applications
Verified
Journal Article
Open access
FKFrancis Kagai
Francis Kagai
Philip BranchPhilip Branch
Philip Branch
JBJason But
Jason But
RARebecca Allen
Rebecca Allen

1 February 2023 in TechRxiv
Verified
Preprint
Open access
PDF file
FKFrancis Kagai
Francis Kagai
Despite the continued evolution of information systems methodologies for more than three decades, the rates of software rejection and failure are still high. This paper investigates the technological environment as a major cause of such disruptions. Additionally, the paper evaluates Agile and DevOps as remedial methodologies for managing the adverse impact of technological disruptions. The main findings affirm both Agile and DevOps as methodologies that emanated from improvements or re-engineering of earlier methodologies. Further findings discern most methodologies; including agile and DevOps; as not strategically focused but appraise DevOps as the most progressive methodology towards this respect. Rather than re-invent the wheel and come up with a new methodology, a framework that aligns DevOps for use in strategic information systems development is proposed. Besides, a more realistic definition of operations is postulated to bolster the alignment. Keywords software

22 September 2026 in Telecom
Verified
Journal Article
Open access
PDF file
FKFrancis Kagai
Francis Kagai
Philip BranchPhilip Branch
Philip Branch
JBJason But
Jason But
RARebecca Allen
Rebecca Allen
Emergency, remote, and infrastructure-constrained environments cannot always rely on cellular networks or continuous Internet connectivity. LoRa offers an alternative for direct, long-range communication between low-power devices without depending on nearby cellular infrastructure, but its low data rate and variable transmission time create new coordination challenges. When multiple LoRa nodes must agree on information, fixed timing can either introduce unnecessary delay or cause missed deadlines as radio conditions change. This paper introduces a cross-layer controller that adapts mesh coordination timing to LoRa time-on-air at runtime. A MAPE-K loop maps estimated airtime into transmission-slot spacing S(c) and deadlines D(c), coupled with quorum or full-participation finalisation and a bounded single-retry mechanism. The framework was implemented on four SX1276 nodes at 915 MHz and evaluated over 2514 coordination rounds under crash and omission faults. Three-of-four quorum coordination achieved a median latency of 2.1 s, compared with 5.3 s for full participation. Overall, 88.6% of rounds met the first adaptive deadline, 11.4% required one retry, and none exhausted the retry budget or violated the evaluated safety invariants. A replay-derived fixed-SF12 schedule produced a median completion time of 11.3 s, compared with 3.4 s for adaptive execution. These results show that LoRa airtime can serve as a practical runtime signal for adaptive coordination on constrained mesh nodes.