Aim: Ivermectin is a semi-synthetic parasiticide that is used to treat parasitic disorders. Herein, In this study, LC chromatographic and UV spectrophotometric methods were developed and validated for the determination of ivermectin in different ivermectin preparations. Materials and Methods: In the LC chromatografic method, chromatographic separation was performed using an Agilent Extend-C18 column. Acetonitrile (20/80, v/v) and ultra-pure water was used as mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.2 mL/min. Eluents were determined at a wavelength of 245 nm and the values of ivermectin solutions were detected by spectrophotometric technique at the same wavelength. Lambert−Beer plots showed linear relationships at 6 different concentrations in the range of 10 to 60 μg/mL. Both methods adhered to the protocols published by ICH guidelines Q2(R1) to validate analytical methods. Results: The developed analytic methods were statistically validated. As a result of the analyzes performed with spectrophotometric and liquid chromatographic methods, it was determined that both methods were precise, accurate and robust with a RSD < 1% result. Recovery values were within the normal range (98-100%). Statistical comparison of both analytical methods was made and there was no statistical significance between them. Conclusion: These developed methods have been found to be reliable, fast, accurate and simple for tablet and injectable ivermectin forms and can be used for quality control tests. HPLC and UV spectrophotometric methods have shown that they are both adequate to determine the amount of ivermectin in raw materials, tablets and injectable solutions. These methods can be applied in a short time and easily. They can be used successfully in quality control analyzes to quantify and identify ivermectin in marketed formulations.

Background/aim: Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has received great attention over the past decade in the treatment of diseases such as leukemia which is a cancer of the blood and bone marrow cells that causes a significant number of deaths worldwide. In this study, it was aimed to investigate the effects of Nile blue-mediated PDT (NB-mediated PDT) on HL60 cells. Materials and methods: The effect of NB-mediated PDT on cell proliferation was evaluated with cell volume analysis using flow cytometry at 24 h. Cell apoptosis, ROS production, mitochondrial membrane potential, and cell cycle analysis were evaluated using annexin V-FITC, H2 DCFDA, JC-1, and PI staining, respectively, by flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy. The morphological and ultrastructural analyses were examined by Giemsa staining and SEM. CD11b staining is used to determine the differentiation of leukemia cells. Results: NB-mediated PDT induced an apoptotic response at 12.5 µM in HL60 cells. When Giemsa staining and SEM images were evaluated, apoptotic bodies, holes, and occasional folds were detected on the surfaces of cells in the NB-mediated PDT group. Conclusion: The NB-mediated PDT had no effect on the differentiation of leukemia cells, but this therapy affects the growth of HL60 cells in vitro, which may provide a new idea for removing leukemic cells from bone marrow intended for autologous transplant.

OBJECTİVE: In this study, it was aimed to evaluate the antineoplastic efficacy of Teranecron, which is frequently used in veterinary medicine, on human colorectal adenocarcinoma. MATERİALS AND METHODS: Teranecron (TRN) was used to evaluate its effectiveness in the study, and the antineoplastic drug Doxorubicin was used as a positive control. The cytotoxic activity of Teranecron on the human colorectal cell line CaCo-2 was investigated. MTT proliferation test was used to determine the viability rates. ANOVA Tukey test was used for statistical analysis and the level of significance was accepted as P<0.01. RESULTS: When we performed viability tests, it was observed that the toxicity of Teranecron increased in a dose-dependent manner in the groups in which Teranecron was administered alone. While the viability of CaCo-2 at 10 µM concentration was 94%, the viability rate at 100 µM concentration decreased to 79%. The viability was determined as 78.72% in the Dox 40 µM concentration, which we applied only as a positive control, and 73% in the group in which Dox 40 µM + TRN 100 µM was applied. In the groups where Dox+TRN was administered together, the toxic effect ratio started to increase depending on the concentration, starting from the TRN 50 µM dose. RESULTS: As a result of the viability test of teranecron on the CaCo-2 cell line, it was determined that the cytotoxic activity of TRN increased in a dose-dependent manner. When teranechron efficacy was compared with Doxorubicin used as an antineoplastic drug, it was determined that 75 µM TRN had the same effect as 40 µM Dox. Considering the side-effect profiles, TRN with fewer side effects seems to have the potential to be an alternative treatment for human colorectal cancer. More detailed studies are needed to recommend the use of TRN as an anticancer therapy. AMAÇ: Bu çalışmada veteriner hekimlikte sıklıkla kullanılan Teranekronun insan kolorektal adenokarsinomu üzerinde antineoplastik etkinliğinin değerlendirilmesi amaçlandı. GEREÇ VE YÖNTEM: Çalışmada etkinliğini değerlendirmek için Teranekron (TRN) ve pozitif kontrol olarak da antineoplastik ilaç olan Doksorubisin kullanıldı. İnsan kolorektal hücre hattı CaCo-2 üzerinde Teranekronun sitotoksik etkinliği araştırıldı. Canlılık oranları belirlenmesinde MTT proliferasyonu testi uygulandı. İstatistiksel analizler için ise ANOVA Tukey testi kullanıldı ve anlamlılık düzeyi P<0,01 olarak kabul edildi. BULGULAR: Canlılık testleri yaptığımızda Teranekronun tek olarak uygulandığı gruplarda Teranekronun doza bağlı olarak toksisitesinin arttığı görüldü. 10 µM konsantrasyonda CaCo-2 canlılığı %94 iken 100 µM’lık konsantrasyonda canlılık oranı % 79 a düştü. Sadece pozitif kontrol olarak uyguladığımız Dox 40 µM konsantrasyonunda canlılık %78,72 Dox 40 µM + TRN 100 µM uygulandığı grupta ise canlılık oranı %73 olarak belirlendi. Dox+TRN’nin birlikte uygulandığı gruplarda TRN 50 µM dozundan itibaren toksik etki oranı konsantrasyona bağlı olarak artmaya başladı. SONUÇLAR: Teranekronun CaCo-2 hücre hattı üzerinde yapılan canlılık testi sonucunda doza bağlı olarak TRN’nin sitotoksik etkinliğinin arttığı belirlendi. Teranekron etkinliği antineoplastik ilaç olarak kullanılan Doksorubisin ile karşılaştırıldığında ise 75 µM TRN’nin 40 µM Dox ile aynı etki ortay çıkarttığı belirlendi. Yan etki profilleri düşünülecek olursa daha az yan etki gösteren TRN insan kolorektal kanser tedavisinde alternatif bir tedavi olma potansiyeli olduğu görülmektedir. TRN’nin antikanser tedavisi kullanılmasının tavsiye edilmesi için daha detaylı çalışmalara ihtiyaç bulunmaktadır.

Objective: For the quantification of galantamine in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage form, new selective, quick, precise, and accurate spectrophotometric and chromatographic procedures were developed and validated. Material & Methods: Chromatographic separation was performed on an Agilent Extend C18 (250×4.6 mm, 5 µm) column. Ultrapure water containing 0.1% TFA and acetonitrile containing 0.1% TFA (85/15, v/v) were used as mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. Eluent detection was performed at a wavelength of 288 nm using a UV detector. On the other hand, galantamine was determined by spectrophotometric technique by measuring the absorbance of the solutions at a wavelength of 288 nm. Result: Lambert−Beer plots for galantamine showed linear relationships in the concentration range of 5-30 μg/mL. Both techniques have been statistically evaluated and validated in order to meet the standards of the International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH) and the results showed that spectrophotometric and liquid chromatographic methods were linear, precise, accurate, rugged and robust with RSD values less than 1.00%, and the recovery percentage was within standard limits (98-102%). Then a statistical comparison of these analytical methods was performed. The results of both methods showed no difference and not statistically significant with respect to each other in the 95% confidence interval (p<0.05). Conclusion: The developed analytical methods were determined to be accurate, highly effective, reliable, fast, simple, and may be employed successfully for routine analysis of galantamine in the bulk as well as pharmaceutical dosage form. They may even be used for quality control analysis and for sample analysis during cleaning validation.

Ceftriaxone has shown promise as a neuroprotective agent through its modulation of glutamate transporters, yet its precise role in chronic pain remains underexplored. This study aimed to investigate the central mechanisms underlying the transition to chronic pain, focusing on glutamatergic activity in the primary somatosensory cortex hind limb (S1HL) and posterior intralaminar thalamic nucleus (PIL) in a rat model. Female Wistar rats (n = 36) were randomly assigned to six groups. Neuropathic pain was induced using paclitaxel (2 mg/kg, administered intraperitoneally on days 0, 2, 4, and 6). Starting on day 27, animals received daily intraperitoneal treatment for 10 days with either ceftriaxone (200 mg/kg), penicillin (400,000 U/kg), clonidine (2.5 µg/kg), morphine (0.1 mg/kg), or saline (control). Ceftriaxone treatment significantly increased pain thresholds. Voltammetry analysis showed that glutamate reuptake time (T80) in the S1HL cortex, which was prolonged to approximately 8 s in the paclitaxel group, returned to near-normal values (3–3.5 s) with ceftriaxone. Gene expression analyses revealed that ceftriaxone upregulated all assessed glutamate transporters and enzymes, including GLT-1, GLAST, EAAC1, EAAT4, GluL, and GLS. Notably, GLT-1 expression increased ~ 5-fold in the control group and only ~ 2-fold in the paclitaxel group. These findings suggest that ceftriaxone enhances glutamate reuptake and reduces excitotoxicity in the cortex, contributing to pain relief. The study highlights a potential role for glutamate regulation in chronic pain mechanisms and supports further exploration of ceftriaxone as a candidate for managing glutamate-mediated neuropathic pain. This aligns with the broader goals of improving neurological health and promoting innovative therapeutic strategies.