Excessive nitrogen fertilizer usage in agricultural often leads to negative ecological and production gains. Alterations in the physical and chemical properties and microbial community structure of agricultural soils are both the cause and consequence of this process. This study explored the perturbation of soil properties and microorganisms in agricultural soils by different nitrogen levels. Soil total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and total potassium decreased in the shallow soil layer with decreasing nitrogen. Changes in nitrogen affected soil organic matter, pH, bulk density, and water content. However, a moderate reduction in nitrogen did not cause significant yield loss; the increased nitrogen use efficiency was the main reason, attributed to the available phosphorus and potassium. Short-term changes in nitrogen had limited effects on soil microbial community structure. Bacteria were more susceptible to perturbation by nitrogen changes. Nitrogen reduction increased the relative abundance of MND1 (1.21%), RB41 (1.96%), and Sphingomonas (0.72%) and decreased Dongia (0.3%), Chaetomium (0.41%), and Penicillium (0.5%). Nitrogen reduction significantly increased the bacteria functional composition of aerobic ammonia oxidation (4.20%) and nitrification (4.10%) and reduced chemoheterotrophy (2.70%) and fermentation (4.08%). Available phosphorus specifically drove bacterial community structure variation in the shallow soil layers of moderate nitrogen reduction treatments. Steroidobacter, RB41, Gemmatimonas, Ellin6067, Haliangium, and Sphingomonas were the main component nodes in this community structure. These results provide insights into the study of nitrogen and microorganisms in agricultural soils.

Planting density affects crop microclimate and intra-plant competition, playing an important role on yield formation and resource use, especially in areas where the cotton is grown at relatively high plant densities in Xinjiang, China. However, more studies are needed to examine how the change in planting density affects the microclimate factors such as the fraction of light intercepted (FLI), air temperature(T) and relative humidity (RH) within different canopy layers, which in turn affect the boll number per plant (BNF), boll number per unit area (BNA), boll weight (BW), and boll-setting rate (BSR) at fruiting branch (FB) positions FB_1–3, FB_4–6, and FB_≥7 in cotton. To quantify the relationships between boll characteristics, yield, and microclimate factors, we conducted a 2-year field experiment in 2019–2020 in Xinjiang with six plant densities: 9 (P1), 12 (P2), 15 (P3), 18 (P4), 21 (P5), and 24 (P6) plants m⁻². With each three plants m⁻² increase in density, the average FLI and RH across different canopy layers increased by 0.37 and 2.04%, respectively, whereas T decreased by 0.64 °C. The BNF at FB_{≥ 7}, FB_4–6, and FB_1–3 decreased by 0.82, 0.33, and 0.5, respectively. The highest BNA was observed in the upper and middle layers in the P4 treatment and in the lowest canopy layer with the P5. The highest BW was measured in the middle canopy layer for P3, and the highest BSR was measured in the lower layer for P3. Plant density exhibited linear or quadratic relationships with FLI, T, and RH. Microclimate factors mainly affected the boll number in each layer, but had no significant effects on the BW in any layer or the BSR in the middle and lower layers. Cotton yield was non-linearly related to plant density. The 2-year maximum yield was achieved at a plant density of 21 plants m⁻², but the yield increase compared to the yield with a density of 18 plants m⁻²was only 0.28%. Thus, we suggest that the optimal plant density for drip-irrigated cotton in Xinjiang is 18 plants m⁻², which could help farmers grow machine-harvested cotton.

Winter wheat is a vital grain crop in Xinjiang and severe water scarcity in this arid region necessitates efficient irrigation strategies for sustainable production. A two-year field experiment (2022–2023) in northern Xinjiang was conducted to evaluate the effects of sowing patterns and drip irrigation levels on winter wheat growth and yield. Two sowing patterns were tested: uniform row spacing (CK1, 15 cm) and wide–narrow row spacing, comprising 13.3 cm + 13.3 cm + 13.3 cm + 20 cm (M1), 10 cm + 10 cm + 10 cm + 30 cm (M2), and 10 cm + 10 cm + 10 cm + 20 cm (M3). Four drip irrigation levels were applied: 4500 mm²/hm² CK), 3600 m³/hm² (D1), 2700 m³/hm² (D2), and 0 m²/hm² (D3). The results indicate that wide–narrow row spacing increased the single-plant dry matter weight, with the stem + sheath and spike allocation ratios at maturity increasing by 15.31% and 6.59%, respectively. Wide–narrow rows improved spike traits, particularly in the outer rows, increasing spike length and grain number per spike by 0.46% and 0.68%, respectively, and reducing sterile spikelets by 1.35%. Compared with the CK1D1 treatment, the M2D1 treatment significantly increased the number of spikes per unit area, number of grains per spike, and yield by 19.15%, 5.92%, and 19.10%, respectively, with no significant difference in thousand-kernel weight. These findings demonstrated that M2D1 treatment optimized yield and water-saving efficiency, providing critical guidance for winter wheat production in arid regions.

Freshwater scarcity severely limits sustainable cotton production in arid regions. This study aimed to establish the optimal salinity threshold for staged saline water supplemental irrigation (SWSI) and elucidate its canopy-level mechanisms in optimizing within-boll yield components and fiber quality. A two-year field trial (2023–2024) was conducted in Awati County, Xinjiang, using mulched drip irrigation at five SWSI levels (3.5–9.5 g L⁻¹) and a freshwater control (CK). Compared with CK, 3.5 g L⁻¹ treatment significantly increased lint yield by 31.4%, boll number per plant by 22.45%, and fibers per seed by 6.01–10.59%, while fiber length and strength rose by 6.98–10.38% and 2.69–6.00%, respectively. When salinity reached 8.0 g L⁻¹, yield declined by 8.5%, and a salinity of 9.5 g L⁻¹ reduced yield by 24.52%. Spatially, mid-fruiting branches (nodes 4–6) remained stable, maintaining high lint mass per seed even under high salinity, whereas upper branches (≥node 7) were most sensitive; at 9.5 g L⁻¹, the boll number (0.36) was 56.6% lower than at 3.5 g L⁻¹ (0.83), and the Q-score decreased by 6.7%. These results demonstrate that SWSI with ≤5.0 g L⁻¹ salinity (optimum 3.5 g L⁻¹) simultaneously enhances lint yield and fiber quality, providing a practical strategy for efficient saline water use in arid cotton regions.