Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the ten infectious diseases that cause the highest amount of human mortality and morbidity. This infection, which is caused by a single pathogen, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, kills over a million people every year. There is an emerging problem of antimicrobial resistance in TB that needs urgent treatment and management. Tuberculosis treatment is complicated by its complex drug regimen, its lengthy duration and the serious side-effects caused by the drugs required. There are a number of critical issues around drug delivery and subsequent intracellular bacterial clearance. Drugs have a short lifespan in systemic circulation, which limits their activity. Nanomedicine in TB is an emerging research area which offers the potential of effective drug delivery using nanoparticles and a reduction in drug doses and side-effects to improve patient compliance with the treatment and enhance their recovery. Here, we provide a minireview of anti-TB treatment, research progress on nanomedicine and the prospects for future applications in developing innovative therapies.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is the phenomenon developed by microorganism on exposure to antimicrobial agents, making them unresponsive. Development of microbial confrontation is a severe rising risk to global community well-being as treatment in addition, management of such resistant microbial infections is difficult and challenging. The situation requires action across all government sectors and society. The change in the molecular target on which antimicrobial drugs act is one of the key mechanisms behind AMR. One of the approaches to battle with AMR can be exploring newer molecular targets in microbes and discovering new molecules accordingly. There are various examples of novel targets such as biomolecules involving in biosynthesis of cell wall, biosynthesis of aromatic amino acid, cell disunion, biosynthesis of fatty acid, and isoprenoid biosynthesis and tRNA synthetases. Fatty acid biosynthesis (FAB) and their enzymes among all the above is the more appealing target for the advancement of new antimicrobial agents. Number of promising inhibitors have been developed for bacterial fatty acid synthesis (FAS) and also few of them are clinically used. Some of these potential inhibitors are found to be used in development of new antibacterial as a lead compound and have been discovered from high throughput screening processes like Platencimycin and their analogue, Platencin. The review majorly encompasses bacterial FAB in type II FAS system and potential inhibitors with respective targets of novel antibacterial.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease characterized by persistent hyperglycemia. High blood sugar can produce long-term complications such as cardiovascular and renal disorders, retinopathy, and poor blood flow. The pharmacotherapy of diabetes includes use of oral hypoglycaemic agents like insulin and oral hypoglycaemic agents such as biguanides, sulphonylureas, insulin analogues, alpha glucosidase and amylse inhibitors, gliptins etc. Though these agents are therapeutically beneficial, they are associated with adverse effects such as hypoglycaemia, vitamin B12 deficiency, weight gain, etc. The alternatives as herbs and/or phytoconstituents, exercise, yoga, etc have been explored widely for treatment and management of diabetes mellitus. Number of plants and their isolated phytoconstituents are proven for antidiabetic activity in preclinical and clinical studies and one of widely explored of them is Curcumin. The Curcumin in its nanoparicles form had been already proven for potential antidiabetic activity. Though the phytoconstituents are said to be safe their interactions with modern medicines might be either beneficial or harmful and should be considered while coadministration of them. This research work focuses on evaluation of drug interaction between CuNPs and Metformin in STZ-Nicotinamide induced hyperglycemia in Wistar rats. The physical incompatibility between curcumin and metformin was not observed in the study. The coadministration of both produced significant reduction in glycemic and oxidative parameters than only metformin treated animals. The study suggest coadministration of curcumin and metformin can be used for better and safe management and treatment of diabetes mellitus.