Formalin is a widely used fixative but there is potential public health risks to exposure. Besides, alcoholic fixation is advantageous over formalin fixation because of faster fixation, optimal preservation and safer workplace environment. Following fixation by EMA and 10% neutral buffered formalin (NBF), we analyzed the tissue morphology, antigenic stability, DNA and RNA quantity with quality (OD value). The findings of EMA fixing on both the tissue morphology and molecular characterization, were satisfactory. Specially, EMA was faster in penetration of tissues than NBF, fixed ideally as early as 8 h of fixation whereas improper fixation was evident for NBF. In Hematoxylin and Eosin (H & E) staining, better cellular details with stronger affinity for staining were observed. In immunohistochemistry, better antigenic stability was reported for EMA-fixed tissues. The nucleic acid analysis revealed that total genomic DNA and RNA yield from EMA fixed tissues were significantly higher (P < 0.05) with superior quality than NBF fixed tissues. Our results suggest that EMA could be a potential alternative to NBF for fixation and preservation of tissues. These data provide new insights into an option for a safer working environment to support study and research.

Newcastle disease (ND) is one of the major viral diseases of poultry, remains a constant threat in poultry farms that causes huge economic losses every year. However, little is known regarding the potential risk factors of the disease in broiler. The study was undertaken to ascertain the potential risk factors and biosecurity measures in ND prevalent broiler farm. A total of 116 broiler farms were considered as a sample size from a different area of Barishal district of Bangladesh in which 19.83% ND prevalence was found. In the findings, the farmers (33.62%) who had training on poultry farming, were significantly less ND positive case (7.69%). Besides this, among the different risk factors and biosecurity measures only shed location, ventilation, vaccination status, feeder and waterer cleaning frequency, visitors accession, pets in the farm, use of disinfectant and seasonal variation had significant effect on ND outbreak. However, among all the factors only farmers training (OR=0.025; 95% CI: 0.001-0.509), shed location (OR=0.035; 95% CI: 0.003-0.390), vaccination against ND (OR=0.017; 95% CI: 0.001-0.435) and use of disinfectant daily (OR=0.011; 95% CI: 0.000-0.294) made a unique statistically significant contribution to the regression model and the predictors had approximately similar strength on reporting ND outbreak. In completion, ND can be reduced in broiler farms by improving the level of common biosecurity, farm management practices, and minimizing the potential risk factors through training of farmers, awareness build-up, and enforcement of these practices on the farms.

Huntingtin-associated protein 1 (HAP1) is a determinant marker for the stigmoid body (STB), a neurocytoplasmic physiological inclusion. STB/HAP1 enriched areas in the brain/spinal cord are usually protected from neurodegenerative diseases, whereas the regions with tiny amounts or no STB/HAP1 are affected. In addition to the brain/spinal cord, HAP1 is highly expressed in the myenteric/submucosal plexuses of the enteric nervous system in the gastrointestinal tract. The tongue is attached to the pharynx by the hyoid bone as an extension of the gastrointestinal system. To date, the immunohistochemical distribution and neurochemical characterization of HAP1 have not been elucidated in the lingual ganglia. Using immunohistochemistry and light microscopy, our current study demonstrates the expression and immunohistochemical phenotype of HAP1 in the lingual ganglia of adult mice. We showed that HAP1 was profoundly distributed in the intralingual ganglion (ILG) and the ganglia near the root of the tongue (which we coined as “lingual root ganglion”; LRG). Neurons in ILG and LRG exhibited high coexpression of HAP1 with NOS or ChAT. Furthermore, most HAP1-immunoreactive neurons contained SP, CGRP, and VIP immunoreactivity in both ILG and LRG. The current results might serve as an essential base for future studies to elucidate the pathological/physiological functions of HAP1 in the lingual ganglia.

Cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain cholinergic nuclei (BFCN) and neostriatum (CPu) play key roles in learning, attention, and motor control. The loss of cholinergic neurons causes major neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. This study aimed to elucidate the molecular diversity of choline acetyltransferase immunoreactive (ChAT-ir) neurons in these brain regions. We performed immunohistochemistry to determine the co-expression of ChAT-ir neurons with two neuropeptides, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and cholecystokinin (CCK), as well as three calcium-binding proteins, such as calbindin, calretinin, and parvalbumin, in the adult mouse brain. The results showed that ChAT, calbindin, CGRP and CCK were strongly expressed in the BFCN, including medial septal nucleus (MS), nucleus of vertical limb and horizontal limb of the diagonal band of Broca (VDB and HDB), substantia innominata basal part (SIB), and in the caudate putamen (CPu). CGRP and CCK showed a high immunoreactive co-expression with ChAT, especially in the HDB and CPu. Calbindin immunoreactivity was widely present and coincided with ChAT in the VDB, HDB, and CPu. However, calretinin immunoreactivity showed a selective co-expression with ChAT in the VDB, SIB, and CPu. Although parvalbumin immunoreactivity was observed throughout the BFCN and CPu, but there was no co-expression between ChAT and parvalbumin. The neurochemical diversity of ChAT-ir neurons in the BFCN and neostriatum suggests the specialized functions of cholinergic neurons across different circuits, especially by modulating CGRP, CCK, or calbindin. These results could provide new insight into cholinergic modulation throughout the BFCN and striatum.

Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is a significant virus of the lungs that causes diversified symptoms such as mild colds to severe pneumonia in people of all ages, especially in children, the elderly, and immunosuppressed individuals. The review highlights the global escalation of hMPV and explores how the human microbiome may shape the susceptibility of infections, immune responses and disease severity. The virus can form inclusion bodies inside the host cells and increase hMPV virulence to induce severe viral infection. hMPV also exploits immune-evasion strategy that weaken the host-body's defenses. Disturbances of gut-lung-microbiota can weaken the host immunity and worsen the disease severity. Nevertheless, intestinal microbes may promote the lung health through the compounds e.g., short-chain fatty acids. Although no particular treatment exists, there is an increasing concern in microbiome-based therapeutic approaches and personalized medicine. Understanding the microbiome interaction to hMPV may develop strategies to predict, prevent, and manage the hMPV infections.