Integration of impacts of sea-level rise to coastal zone management practices are performed through coastal vulnerability assessments. Out of the types of vulnerability assessments, a proposed model demonstrated that relative vulnerability of different coastal environments to sealevel rise may be quantified using basic information that includes coastal geomorphology, rate of sea-level rise, and past shoreline evolution for the National Assessment of Coastal Vulnerability to Sea-Level Rise for U.S. Coasts. The proposed methodology focuses on identifying those regions where the various effects of sea-level rise may be the greatest. However, the vulnerability cannot be directly equated with particular physical effects. Thus, using this concept as a starting point, a coastal vulnerability matrix and a coastal vulnerability index that use indicators of impacts of sea-level rise are developed. The developed model compares and ranks different regions according to their vulnerabilities while prioritizing...

Wave overtopping is a critical parameter in the design of coastal defense structures. Nowadays, several empirical formulations based on small-scale experiments are available in the literature to predict the mean overtopping discharge at dikes on shallow foreshores. Although the accuracy of the predictions has improved due to each approach’s contributions, the formulations’ performance depends on their range of applicability. In engineering applications, it is important to know the performance and limitations of the different formulas. This work presents a new experimental dataset focused on very shallow and extremely shallow foreshore conditions for a range of foreshore slopes (i.e., 1/20, 1/35, 1/50, and 1/80) and relative water depths. The recent developments in wave overtopping research on very shallow and extremely shallow foreshore conditions have been reviewed using this dataset to reflect the existing uncertainties and challenges in the wave-overtopping literature. We find that predicting wave overtopping for extremely shallow foreshore conditions still requires improvement. Additional research is needed to understand the (residual) influence on the wave overtopping of the foreshore slope and relative magnitude of the infragravity wave height to the sea-swell wave height at the dike toe, especially for extremely shallow foreshore conditions. The variation in performance of the formulas for different foreshore slopes is demonstrated. Finally, some of the remaining uncertainties that need further exploration are discussed.