Overuse and misuse of antibiotics are the first risk factors for the development of antibiotics resistance. Inadequate professional competence of health care physicians might worsen the complications associated with antibiotics resistance. Antibiotic resistance is a global issue; however, the epicenter of this misfortune is Asian regions due to the easy accessibility of the strongest antibiotics without prescriptions or diagnoses. High effectiveness and easy accessibility of antibiotics lead to overuse/misuse and encouraging bacteria to develop the resistance. The over-usage and mis-usage of antibiotics are antibiotic abuse, which increase the potentially serious impact on human health. Bestowing to WHO guidelines, the resistance has led to spread worldwide and classifying resistance is a serious health problem. Furthermore, resistance claims uncertainty to predict the future. This review summarizes the major antibiotics involved in drug resistance, mechanism, prescribed dosage with a disease condition, proposed policies and guidelines to combat antibiotic resistance associated problems.

Next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology has revamped the area of genetics with improve the sequence of a substantial number of genes with high accuracy and short turn-around time. It may allow being used of NGS as a first-tier diagnostic test for inborn errors of metabolic or other genetic disorders. Early diagnosis of genetic disorders may help to improve the clinical condition of the child. The advantages of NGS included panel-specific gene sequencing, which targets disease-specific genes to confirm the genetic conditions. This review discussed the advantage and potential challenges of the NGS in newborn screening, other methodologies for newborn screening v/s NGS. The application of NGS in various disorders, in comparison to the clinical importance, and economic aspects of other existing technologies are also discussed. Gene-specific panels and whole exome sequencing have shortened the clinical diagnosis of complex medical conditions at an early age. Furthermore, gene sequencing facilitates to recognize the novel mutations. There are innumerable gaps in between knowledge, as well as the views of varied populations, abilities of public health, and health economics. DNA sequencing through NGS is nowadays frequently used in some clinical diagnoses, and its execution in newborn screening can provide us with better outcomes. Although inferences across the countries additional rigorous cost-effectiveness studies towards NGS have to be piloted and it is a favour to use NGS for newborn screening. In conclusion, NGS is a rapid, robust, and accurate diagnostic tool that can be used for newborn screening which helps the clinician to make a correct diagnosis and help in prior prevention and surveillance of disorder conditions.

Background: Assessing health technology is a vital tool for determining whether interventions should be continued or stopped. Delivering efficient medical services in remote tribal, hilly regions demands careful planning to maximize limited resources. To identify the effectiveness of telemedicine centres, we conducted an economic evaluation of telemedicine services in term of avoidance of patient transportation costs. Methods: A qualitative telemedicine evaluation was conducted through in-depth interviews with patients and hospital authorities, as well as focused group discussions with medical officers and paramedical staff. By analyzing direct and indirect costs, including setup, operations, and patient-related expenses, as well as patient satisfaction levels, the study provides insights into the sustainability of telemedicine in resource-constrained settings. Main Outcome Measures: Cost-effectiveness of telemedicine services, Reduction in patient transportation expenses, financial sustainability of telemedicine centres, and Patient satisfaction and healthcare accessibility. Results: The analysis reveals that telemedicine can significantly reduce patient transportation costs, making healthcare more accessible and affordable, particularly for underserved populations in tribal and hilly regions. The study also highlights substantial operating costs driven by staff salaries and emphasizes the importance of efficient budget planning and resource allocation. Conclusions: The findings underscore the potential of telemedicine to promote health equity by reducing disparities and improving health outcomes. To fully understand the impact of telemedicine services, a comprehensive economic evaluation considering patient outcomes, quality of care, and long-term cost savings is recommended.

Noninvasive prenatal testing (NIPT) heralds a transformative era in prenatal care, revolutionizing fetal health assessment. The recent adoption of aneuploidy screening signifies a significant advancement in prenatal genetic care in India. The current study aimed to assess the cost-effectiveness of ddPCR-based NIPT for detecting chromosome aneuploidies, comparing it with the next-generation sequencing (NGS) platform. This study adopts a laboratory-based observational approach to investigate the cost implications of NIPT for trisomies 13, 18, and 21 using ddPCR and NGS technologies. A meticulously designed cost analysis methodology was employed, adhering to established standards. The yearly capital and operational costs of NIPT were calculated with precision, focusing on the specific methods associated with ddPCR and NGS. The calculated annual capital and operating costs for NIPT using the ddPCR were $16,411 and $246,540 while those using the NGS platform were $91,440 and $250,560, respectively. The total cost of NIPT using ddPCR for 2,400 tests was $262,951, with an estimated cost per test of $110. In contrast, the total cost of NIPT using the NGS platform for 600 tests was $342,000, resulting in an estimated cost per test of $570. The ddPCR is five times more cost-effective. Moreover, it exhibits a fourfold reduction in time expenditure, attributable to streamlined procedures and does not require a complex bioinformatics analysis compared to the NGS. Moreover, this preliminary outcome on cost analysis for NIPT using ddPCR, as opposed to the NGS platform, can be extended to the health technology assessment (HTA) perspective for prenatal screening programs.