To investigate the effect of direct fed microbial (DFM) on performance of fattening lamb, 4 treatments (7 animals/treatment) were evaluated; (1) control (without additive; CON); (2) Lactobacillus fermentum and Lactobacillus plantarum (FP); (3) Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SC) plus FP (SCFP) and (4) Megasphaera elsdenii plus SCFP (MSCFP). Feed intake, final body and feed efficiency except average daily gain were not affected by experimental treatment. Digestibility of dry matter and organic matter increased (P < 0.05) in MSCFP lambs versus other treatments. The highest (P < 0.05) amount of N intake, absorbed N and N retention were observed in MSCFP lambs. Blood parameters and enzymatic profiles were not affected (P > 0.05) by the treatments. The lowest and the highest of minimum pH were observed in CON and SCFP lambs. Moreover, concentration of ammonia-N, total and individual volatile fatty acids (except acetate and butyrate concentration) and acetate to propionate ratio were not affected (P > 0.05) by treatment. According to the results, the use of microbial feed additives had a positive effect on growth performance and some digestive and ruminal fermentation parameters.

Arabi lambs (n =28; body weight = 24 ± 3.7 kg; average age = 120 ± 8 days) were used to investigate the effect of microbial additives on growth performance, microbial protein synthesis and rumen microbial population of fattening lamb based on completely randomized design. Four treatments were studied: (1) control (without additive; CON); (2) Lactobacillus fermentum and L. plantarum (FP); (3) Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SC) plus FP (SCFP); and (4) Megasphaera elsdenii plus SCFP (MSCFP). Lambs were inoculated before morning feeding (daily oral dosed) with a 50 mL microbial suspension as follows: FP, 50 mL bacterial suspension containing 4.5 × 10⁸ colony-forming unit per day (cfu/d) of L. plantarum and L. fermentum (in ratio 50:50); SCFP, 50 mL microbial suspension containing 4.5 × 10⁸ cfu/d FP and 1.4 × 10¹⁰ cfu/d SC; MSCFP, 50 mL microbial suspension containing 4.5 × 10⁸ cfu/d Me, 4.5 × 10⁸ cfu/d FP and 1.4 × 10¹⁰ cfu/d SC. Feed intake and body weight of lambs were not affected by microbial additives. Average daily gain and feed efficiency were increased on day 0 to 21. The highest concentration of uric acid, total excreted purine derivatives (PD), microbial N, microbial CP, and metabolizable protein were in MSCFP lambs. The ruminal population of Ruminococcus albus and Ruminococcus flavefaciens was higher in MSCFP and SCFP than CON and FP lambs. The highest and the lowest abundance of M. elsdenii and methanogen respectively was observed in lambs fed on microbial additives. The tendency to improve growth performance vs. CON may be due to improvements in microbial protein synthesis and microbial populations, especially fiber-degrading bacteria. The decrease in the population of methanogens as a result of the use of microbial additives is another positive result.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of supplementing essential fatty acids (FA), during late gestation and the preweaning and early weaning periods on passive immunity, growth, health, rumen fermentation parameters, blood metabolites and behaviour of dairy calves. During the last 3 weeks of pregnancy, cattle (n 120), within parity, were randomly assigned to one of three diets with different fat supplements: (a) no supplemental fat (CON), (b) supplement rich in linoleic acid (CSO), or (c) supplement rich in EPA and DHA (CFO). Eighty-four newborn Holstein calves were randomly assigned, within the prepartum diets, to one of two calf starters: no fat supplement (FC-0) or 2 % Ca-salt of unsaturated FA (FC-2). Overall, the interaction between dam diets and calf starters did not affect calf performance or any other parameter measured. Calves born from dams fed fat (CSO or CFO) performed better than calves born from dams fed CON. Namely, calves born from dams fed fat had greater plasma concentrations of IgG (P < 0·01), better apparent efficiency of IgG absorption (P < 0·01) and average daily gain (ADG, 597 v. 558 g/d; P = 0·02), and lower rectal temperature (RT; P < 0·01). Calves fed a calf starter rich in unsaturated FA (FC-2) had greater (P ≤ 0·01) ADG, skeletal growth, feed efficiency, and weaning weight compared with FC-0-fed calves. Furthermore, calves fed FC-2 had lower RT during the pre- and post-weaning periods (P ≤ 0·04) and fewer days with diarrhoea (P < 0·001) compared with calves fed CF-0. Time spent eating, ruminating, standing, lying, and on non-nutritive oral behaviour did not differ by treatment. Similarly, treatments did not affect ruminal fermentation parameters. At 28 and 77 d of age, calves fed CF-2 had higher plasma concentrations of albumin and cholesterol (P ≤ 0·02) and lower urea N compared with calves fed CF-0. Plasma concentrations of alkaline phosphatase were higher in calves fed CF-2 compared with those fed CF-0, when they were 77 d old. These findings support feeding moderate amounts of long-chain PUFA during late uterine life or during the preweaning period have beneficial effects on calf metabolism, growth, and health performance.

Common therapies for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are associated with wide side effects. Thus, herbal medicines have been regarded due to fewer side effects, availability, cultural beliefs, and being cheap. For thousand years, herbal medicine has been used for bacterial infections, colds, coughs, and CVDs. Cinnamon bark contains phenolic compounds such as cinnamaldehyde and cinnamic acid with protective properties which can reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases, cardiac ischemia and hypertrophy, and myocardial infarction. Furthermore, cinnamon has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and exhibits beneficial effects on the complications of diabetes, obesity, hypercholesterolemia, and hypertension which cause CVDs. Although the protective effects of cinnamon on the heart have been reported in many studies, it needs more clinical studies to prove the pharmaceutical and therapeutic efficacy of cinnamon on risk factors of CVDs.

Camel milk has unique benefits for human health. Protein is the main component which gives special properties to camel milk and effectively influences its nutritional value. Due to lack of β-lactoglobulin in the camel milk, it may be as a proper alternative for human milk. Camel milk is rich in vitamins C, manganese and iron. There are high amount of unsaturated fatty acids, immunoglobulin’s, insulin like protein and protective enzymes like lactoferrin and lysozyme in the camel milk. The lactoferrin has the effects or properties of antibacterial, antiviral and anti-inflammatorry. Also, it has been proven that camel milk has beneficial application in disorders of stomach and intestinal, food allergy, diabetes mellitus, cancer, autism, and viral hepatitis. Camel milk containing insulin like protein and may help to heal diabetes of Type 1 and 2 and gestational diabetes. It contains small size immunoglobulins which strengthens the immune system. In addition, camel milk reduces blood cholesterol amount, avoiding of psoriasis disease, healing of inflammation and improving of tuberculosis patients. Camel milk may be effective as unique miracle in many healthy issues of human and especially cardiovascular system. Therefore, it is not only food, but also it is as amazing remedy for treatment and healthy issues.