Vitiligo is a chronic skin disorder characterised by the loss of melanocytes and subsequent skin depigmentation. Although many theories have been proposed in the literature, none alone explains the pathogenesis of vitiligo. Oxidative stress has been identified as a potential factor in the pathogenesis of vitiligo. A growing body of evidence suggests that antioxidant therapies may offer a promising approach to managing this condition. This review summarises the potential mechanisms of oxidative stress and the types of melanocyte death in vitiligo. We also provide a brief overview of the most commonly studied antioxidants. Melanocytes in vitiligo are thought to be damaged by an accumulation of reactive oxygen species to destroy the structural and functional integrity of their DNA, lipids, and proteins. Various causes, including exogenous and endogenous stress factors, an imbalance between prooxidants and antioxidants, disruption of antioxidant pathways, and gene polymorphisms, lead to the overproduction of reactive oxygen species. Although necroptosis, pyroptosis, ferroptosis, and oxeiptosis are newer types of cell death that may contribute to the pathophysiology of vitiligo, apoptosis remains the most studied cell death mechanism in vitiligo. According to studies, vitamin E helps to treat lipid peroxidation of the skin caused by psoralen ultra-violet A treatment. In addition, Polypodium leucotomos increased the efficacy of psoralen ultra-violet A or narrow-band ultraviolet B therapy. Our review provides valuable insights into the potential role of oxidative stress in pathogenesis and antioxidant-based supporting therapies in treating vitiligo, offering a promising avenue for further research and the development of effective treatment strategies.

At present, vitiligo is the most common depigmenting skin disorder, characterized by clearly demarcated discolored patches of various shapes and sizes. Depigmentation results from the initial dysfunction and subsequent destruction of melanin-producing cells, called melanocytes, which are located in the basal layer of the epidermis and in hair follicles. This review concludes that the extent of repigmentation, regardless of the treatment method, is greatest in stable localized vitiligo patients. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the clinical evidence for which the vitiligo treatment method (cellular or tissue) is more effective. The treatment relies on multiple factors, ranging from patient skin predisposition for repigmentation to the experience of the facility performing the procedure. Vitiligo is a significant problem in modern society. Although it is a typically asymptomatic and not life-threatening disease, it may have significant psychological and emotional impacts. Standard treatment relies on pharmacotherapy and phototherapy; however, the treatment of patients with stable vitiligo varies. The stability of vitiligo more than often implies the exhaustion of the potential for skin self-repigmentation. Thus, the surgical methods that distribute normal melanocytes into the skin are crucial elements of these patients’ therapy. The most commonly used methods are described in the literature, with an indication of their recent progress and changes. In addition, information on the efficiency of the individual methods at specific locations is compiled in this study, and the prognostic factors indicating repigmentation are presented. Cellular methods are the best therapeutic option for large-sized lesions; although they are more exorbitant than tissue methods, they benefit from more rapid healing times and presenting fewer side effects. Dermoscopy is a valuable tool used to assess the further course of repigmentation, where it is of great value to evaluate the patient prior to and following an operation.

Bowel-associated dermatosis-arthritis syndrome is a neutrophilic dermatosis presenting with flu-like symptoms, arthritis and skin lesions. The type of skin presentation varies although typically consists of red patches progressing into papulopustular-type lesions. Initially, the pathogenesis of...

Introduction and aim. Vitiligo is a chronic skin disease characterized by progressive loss of melanocytes. Various treatment options have been developed to manage vitiligo, however, phototherapy has emerged as one of the most effective treatment options. Therefore, this review has been written to examine the mechanisms of this particular treatment approach and its optimal implementation. Material and methods. A review of the literature regarding combination of word vitiligo with the following: psoralen ultraviolet A (PUVA), narrowband ultraviolet B (NB-UVB) and excimer laser (EL) was performed using the PubMed database. Analysis of the literature. NB-UVB has demonstrated safety and efficacy in stimulating melanocyte proliferation and melanin synthesis, making it an attractive treatment option for both localized and generalized vitiligo. PUVA therapy, combining psoralen photosensitization with UVA irradiation, has shown remarkable efficacy in repigmentation, particularly in refractory or extensive vitiligo. However, because of possible side effects, it is not recommended as a first line phototherapy. With its targeted and precise approach, EL offers a localized treatment and has produced impressive results in localized and segmented vitiligo. Conclusion. Despite limitations, phototherapy continues to evolve, offering hope for individuals with vitiligo. Further research and advancements in treatment protocols are needed.

Introduction: Uric acid is the end product of purine nucleotide metabolism in the human body. Elevation of uric acid in the blood is known as hyperuricemia. Its participation in the development of gout is well known. According to the latest reports, it plays a role in developing cardiovascular and central nervous diseases. Aim: This review article discusses the mechanisms and risk factors of hyperuricemia, its complications, and treatments that highlight hyperuricemia as a multi-faceted disorder requiring optimal treatment and rehabilitation. Material and Methods: Pubmed and ClinicalKeys databases were used for searching for relevant research results. We focused on studies published in less than 5 years, but older references were also analyzed, if they brought valuable reports to our work. Results: The analysis of the presented articles can indicate the role of hyperuricemia not only in the formation of gout, but also in hypertension, cardiovascular and kidney diseases and neurological disorders. Conclusions: Due to the increase in the incidence of hyperuricemia worldwide and its consequences, maintaining an adequate level of uric acid is an essential aspect of patient management for clinicians. In addition to pharmacological treatment of hyperuricemia, patients should be considered for diet modification and increased physical activity. Further studies are needed to improve guidelines and recommendations for treating hyperuricemia and patient education.

Psoriasis (Ps) is a chronic inflammatory skin condition affecting 2% of the world’s population. These people have a higher risk of developing metabolic syndrome (MS) up to one-third of patients. According to current criteria, the diagnosis of MS is made on the basis of a diagnosis of obesity and two out of three: elevated blood pressure, abnormal glucose metabolism, or atherogenic dyslipidemia. The correlation between the MS and Ps is probably due to shared genetic factors; the expression of common genes leads to the development of both diseases. Moreover, in the course of Ps, there is systemic inflammation that prompts the development of components of the MS. The psoriatic lesions negatively affect the patient’s well-being leading to social withdrawal and diminishing tendency to exercise, directing to overweight and hypertension independently of the systemic inflammation. Current evidence suggests that the development of Ps is most influenced by obesity, but the risk of development is greatest when all elements of the MS are present. Appropriate prevention and lifestyle changes are important, as they significantly reduce the risk of developing MS and minimize the symptoms of Ps, while also reducing the cardiovascular risk which both diseases lead to its increment independently. Psoriasis (Ps) is a chronic inflammatory skin condition affecting 2% of the world’s population. These people have a higher risk of developing metabolic syndrome (MS) up to one-third of patients. According to current criteria, the diagnosis of MS is made on the basis of a diagnosis of obesity and two out of three: elevated blood pressure, abnormal glucose metabolism, or atherogenic dyslipidemia. The correlation between the MS and Ps is probably due to shared genetic factors; the expression of common genes leads to the development of both diseases. Moreover, in the course of Ps, there is systemic inflammation that prompts the development of components of the MS. The psoriatic lesions negatively affect the patient’s well-being leading to social withdrawal and diminishing tendency to exercise, directing to overweight and hypertension independently of the systemic inflammation. Current evidence suggests that the development of Ps is most influenced by obesity, but the risk of development is greatest when all elements of the MS are present. Appropriate prevention and lifestyle changes are important, as they significantly reduce the risk of developing MS and minimize the symptoms of Ps, while also reducing the cardiovascular risk which both diseases lead to its increment independently.