Purposes: To establish the appropriate staging system and assess the role of curative thyroidectomy alone (Surgery) vs. involved-site radiation therapy after open biopsy (OB-ISRT) in stage IE mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma. Methods: We examined the Tokyo Classification as a modified classification. This retrospective cohort study included 256 patients with thyroid MALT lymphoma; 137 underwent standard therapy (i.e., OB-ISRT) and were enrolled for the Tokyo classification. Sixty stage IE patients with the same diagnosis were examined to compare Surgery with OB-ISRT. Results: Overall survival (p = 0.0092) and relapse-free survival (0.00113) were significantly better in stage IE vs. stage IIE under the Tokyo classification. No OB-ISRT and Surgery patients died, but three OB-ISRT patients relapsed. The incidence of permanent complications was 28% in OB-ISRT (mainly dry mouth) and 0% in Surgery (p = 0.027). The number of painkiller prescription days was significantly greater in OB-ISRT (p < 0.001). During follow-up, the rate of the new appearance/change of the low-density area in the thyroid gland was significantly higher in OB-ISRT (p = 0.031). Conclusions: The Tokyo classification allows an appropriate discrimination between stages IE and IIE MALT lymphoma. Surgery can provide a good prognosis in stage IE cases; it also avoids complications, shortens painful periods during treatment, and simplifies ultrasound follow-up.

Background/Objectives: To evaluate the diagnostic performance of non-enhanced MRA in detecting intratumoral aneurysms in renal AML, using digital subtraction angiography (DSA) as the reference standard. Methods: Fourteen female patients (mean age, 39 years; range, 21–57 years) who received prophylactic transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) for non-hemorrhagic renal AML(s) between July 2010 and September 2018 were included in this study. All received a non-enhanced MRA scan prior to TAE. Non-enhanced MRA images were obtained using the flow-in technique with three-dimensional balanced steady-state free precession (SSFP). The MRA and DSA images were jointly evaluated by three radiologists. In this study, significant aneurysms were defined as aneurysms with a diameter of 3 mm or more within the renal AML. The MRA images assessed the number and location of significant aneurysms. The DSA images were used as the reference standard. Results: DSA identified 30 significant aneurysms in eight kidneys; MRA identified 26, giving a sensitivity of 87%. There were no false positives, resulting in a specificity of 100%. Conclusions: Flow-balanced SSFP MRA is effective in detecting significant aneurysms in renal AML and could be a viable alternative for patient follow-up.