Temperature sensors may produce a measurement error of up to 1 °C because of the influence of solar radiation. In order to obtain a relatively minimal temperature error, a new temperature observation system was proposed in this paper for measuring surface air temperatures. Firstly, a radiation shield was designed with two aluminum plates, eight vents, and a multi-layer structure which is able to resist direct solar radiation, reflected radiation, and upwelling long-ware radiation, as well as ensuring the temperature sensor probe could work effectively. Then, the effect of different solar radiation intensities, wind speeds, scattered radiation intensities, long-wave radiation intensities, and underlying surface reflectivity levels on radiation error was calculated through a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method. The mapping relationship was established between the various influencing factors and the solar radiation error. A back-propagation (BP) network algorithm was used to fit the discrete data obtained from the simulation to obtain the solar radiation error correction equation. Finally, the solar radiation error correction equation was verified. Outdoor experiments were conducted to confirm this system’s measurement accuracy. According to the experimental findings, the root-mean-square error was only 0.095 °C, which is a relatively high degree by which to reduce the temperature error. In addition, the average difference between the corrected value of the temperature observation system and the reference value was barely 0.084 °C.

This study investigates the morphological and biomechanical characteristics of Nephrotoma appendiculata (NA) wings, identifying a sophisticated, multifunctional fractal-like venation system optimized for balancing flight stability and impact resilience. Unlike conventional studies that focus on common models such as dragonflies or bees, this work highlights NA as an exceptional biomimetic model due to its superior yaw control, low flapping frequency (30–50 Hz) for stealth, and high energy efficiency. Using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), mass measurements, and mechanical testing, we characterized the gender-specific morphology, geometry, mass distribution, and other key features of NA wings, and analyzed the anisotropic properties of their tapered veins and corrugated membranes. Furthermore, both analytical and finite element analyses were performed to examine the passive torsional behavior of tapered versus untapered veins. The results indicate that tapered veins significantly reduce twist angles and bending displacements under micro-Newton scale loads. Unlike previous studies focusing on frontal impacts, this research highlights a defense mechanism against dorsal and ventral disturbances, where tapering minimizes displacement transmission to the critical wing root (radial stop region). Our strain-energy models indicate that tapered veins significantly reduce twist angles and restrict the concentration of strain energy near the proximal root under micro-Newton loads, suggesting a mechanism to mitigate impact-induced disturbance transmission. These findings imply that the tapered venation system may represent an evolutionary trade-off, using limited material to create a structure that is rigid enough for stable flight yet resilient enough to absorb damaging impacts—an optimization strategy that could contribute to survival.

To address the critical role of atmospheric temperature in climate change and disaster monitoring, enhancing measurement accuracy to 0.1 °C is essential. Current instruments are susceptible to radiation interference, resulting in errors of approximately 1 °C. This study introduces a novel temperature sensor that improves accuracy by combining natural ventilation with forced ventilation. Silver-coated aluminum plates (95 % reflectivity) and white-coated deflectors (87 % reflectivity) minimize solar radiation errors. A neural network algorithm, along with CFD simulations, further corrects radiation errors under varying weather conditions. Field tests based on the 076B ventilation device demonstrate that this new sensor reduces the average radiation error to 0.02 °C, achieving a RMSE of 0.034 °C and a MAE of 0.028 °C. The correlation coefficient (r) with the reference temperature reached 0.999, demonstrating the sensor’s high precision and providing an effective solution for reducing temperature measurement errors to below 0.1 °C.