This research paper provides an in-depth examination of the mechanical characteristics of 3D-printed specimens made from acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and resins akin to ABS, with a focus on two widely used 3D printing methodologies: fused deposition modeling (FDM) and stereolithography (SLA). The study investigates how variations in 3D printing technology and infill density impact mechanical parameters such as Young’s modulus, tensile strength, strain, nominal strain at break, maximum displacement, and maximum force at break. Tensile testing was conducted to assess these critical parameters. The results indicate distinct differences in mechanical performance between FDM- and SLA-printed specimens, with SLA consistently showing superior mechanical parameters, especially in terms of tensile strength, displacement, and Young’s modulus. SLA-printed specimens at 30% infill density exhibited a 38.11% increase in average tensile strength compared to FDM counterparts and at 100% infill density, a 39.57% increase was observed. The average maximum displacement for SLA specimens at 30% infill density showed a 14.96% increase and at 100% infill density, a 30.32% increase was observed compared to FDM specimens. Additionally, the average Young’s modulus for SLA specimens at 30% infill density increased by 17.89% and at 100% infill density, a 13.48% increase was observed, highlighting the superior mechanical properties of SLA-printed ABS-like resin materials. In tensile testing, FDM-printed specimens with 30% infill density showed an average strain of 2.16% and at 100% infill density, a slightly higher deformation of 3.1% was recorded. Conversely, SLA-printed specimens at 30% infill density exhibited a strain of 2.24% and at 100% infill density, a higher strain value of 4.15% was observed. The comparison suggests that increasing the infill density in FDM does not significantly improve deformation resistance, while in SLA, it leads to a substantial increase in deformation, raising questions about the practicality of higher infill densities. The testing data underscore the impact of infill density on the average nominal strain at break, revealing improved performance in FDM and significant strain endurance in SLA. The study concludes that SLA technology offers clear advantages, making it a promising option for producing ABS and ABS-like resin materials with enhanced mechanical properties.

Modern society is living at a time of revolutionary changes in all areas of human life. For example, the field of industrial manufacturing has greatly influenced the role of human beings during the past 30 years. Modern manufacturing systems are in a phase of transition, in accordance with the concept of the fourth industrial revolution (Industry 4.0). A new manufacturing paradigm based on the principles of Industry 4.0 is presented by Smart Manufacturing Systems (SMS). A basic building block of SMS is cyber-physical production systems (CPPS), which together with innovative-management principles of emergence, self-organization, learning, open innovation, collaboration and the networking of people and organizations are the key principles of Industry 4.0. The three key enablers of Industry 4.0, i.e., the connectivity, the digitization and the cybernation of work processes in manufacturing systems, have paved the way for a new industrial revolution, i.e., Industry 5.0 concept that is bringing about a new paradigm in the field of manufacturing systems, the so-called Adaptive Cognitive Manufacturing Systems (ACMS). A fundamental building block of ACMS is the new generation of manufacturing systems called Cognitive Cyber-Physical Production Systems (C-CPPS), which are based on CPPS concepts and incorporate cognitive technologies and artificial intelligence. This paper presents the revolutionary development of manufacturing and manufacturing systems through the industrial revolutions and the evolution of the role of humans in manufacturing systems towards Industry 5.0.

Polymer materials and composites play a pivotal role in modern industry, prized for their durability, light weight, and resistance to corrosion. This study delves into the effects of mineral engine oil exposure on the mechanical parameters of 3D-printed materials created through fused deposition modeling (FDM). The research scrutinizes prototype materials under diverse environmental conditions, with a particular focus on the tensile parameters. The primary aim is to analyze and compare how mineral engine oil affects the mechanical parameters of four commonly used FDM 3D-printed materials: PLA, PLA+CF composites, PETG, and PETG+CF composites. In the case of the PLA specimens, the tensile strength decreased by approximately 36%, which, considering the 30% infill, remained acceptable. Simultaneously, the nominal strain at the point of breaking increased by 60.92% after 7 days and 47.49% after 30 days, indicating enhanced ductility. Interestingly, the PLA’s Young’s modulus remained unaffected by the oil. The 3D-printed PLA+CF materials exposed to 30 days of mineral engine oil displayed a substantial Young’s modulus increase of over 49.93%. The PETG specimens exhibited intriguing behavior, with a tensile strength decrease of 16.66% after 7 days and 16.85% after 30 days, together with a notable increase in the nominal strain at breaking by 21.34% for 7 days and 14.51% for 30 days, signifying enhanced ductility. In PETG material specimens, the Young’s modulus increased by 55.08% after 7 days and 66.27% after 30 days. The PETG+CF samples initially exhibited increases in tensile strength (1.78%) and nominal strain at breaking (6.08%) after 7 days, but later experienced an 11.75% reduction in the tensile strength after 30 days. This research underscores the critical role of material selection in oil-exposed environments and suggests avenues for future exploration, encompassing microstructural analysis, the long-term impact of oil exposure, and broader considerations related to environmental and oil-specific factors. It contributes to a deeper understanding of the intricate interactions between polymer materials and mineral engine oil, offering valuable insights that can enhance industrial applications.

This study investigates the impact of infill density on the mechanical properties of fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D-printed polylactic acid (PLA) and PLA reinforced with carbon fiber (PLA+CF) specimens, which hold industrial significance due to their applications in industries where mechanical robustness and durability are critical. Exposure to cooling lubricants is particularly relevant for environments where these materials are frequently subjected to cooling fluids, such as manufacturing plants and machine shops. This research aims to explore insights into the mechanical robustness and durability of these materials under realistic operating conditions, including prolonged exposure to cooling lubricants. Tensile tests were performed on PLA and PLA+CF specimens printed with varying infill densities (40%, 60%, 80%, and 100%). The specimens underwent tensile testing before and after exposure to cooling lubricants for 7 and 30 days, respectively. Mechanical properties such as tensile strength, maximum force, strain, and Young’s modulus were measured to evaluate the effects of infill density and lubricant exposure. Higher infill densities significantly increased tensile strength and maximum force for both PLA and PLA+CF specimens. PLA specimens showed an increase in tensile strength from 22.49 MPa at 40% infill density to 45.00 MPa at 100% infill density, representing a 100.09% enhancement. PLA+CF specimens exhibited an increase from 23.09 MPa to 42.54 MPa, marking an 84.27% improvement. After 30 days of lubricant exposure, the tensile strength of PLA specimens decreased by 15.56%, while PLA+CF specimens experienced an 18.60% reduction. Strain values exhibited minor fluctuations, indicating stable elasticity, and Young’s modulus improved significantly with higher infill densities, suggesting enhanced material stiffness. Increasing the infill density of FDM 3D-printed PLA and PLA+CF specimens significantly enhance their mechanical properties, even under prolonged exposure to cooling lubricants. These findings have significant implications for industrial applications, indicating that optimizing infill density can enhance the durability and performance of 3D-printed components. This study offers a robust foundation for further research and practical applications, highlighting the critical role of infill density in enhancing structural integrity and load-bearing capacity.

This study examines the influence of internal infill geometry, infill density, and short-term mineral oil exposure on the tensile and microstructural behavior of Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) 3D-printed Polylactic Acid (PLA) and Carbon-Fiber-Reinforced PLA (PLA+CF). Standardized ISO 527-2 specimens were fabricated using linear, triangular, and hexagonal infill patterns at 30%, 60%, and 100% densities, followed by seven-day immersion in mineral oil. Mechanical testing and quantitative optical image analysis were performed to correlate porosity characteristics with tensile response. For PLA, the linear 30% infill achieved the highest tensile strength (31.5 MPa), while the hexagonal pattern exhibited the greatest ductility (ε = 4.9%). Oil exposure caused slight reductions in strength (−1.2%) and modulus (−4.1%) but increased elongation by 76%, indicating mild matrix plasticization. For PLA+CF, tensile strength and stiffness increased with density, reaching 33.4 MPa and 500 MPa at 100% infill, while oil exposure enhanced strength by 6.9% and reduced the average pore size from 475 µm² to 146 µm². Overall, the results demonstrate that optimizing infill topology, density, and fiber reinforcement significantly improves load transfer efficiency and environmental stability. These findings establish quantitative correlations between pore morphology and tensile behavior, providing a framework for the predictive design of environmentally resilient FDM polymer–composite components for semi-lubricated or tribological applications.