Population aging and migration are two important phenomena in the process of social development in China, which have a significant impact on industrial structure upgrading. This study explores the moderating effect of the population migration on the population aging impacting the industrial structure upgrading based on Chinese provincial panel data from 2000 to 2021. The results demonstrate that the population aging has become a development trend of China’s population, and it has a significantly hinder industrial structure upgrading. Furthermore, the population migration resulting diffusion and convergence of economic factors has a meaningful moderating effects on the population aging impacting the industrial structure upgrading. Our study suggests that a reasonable and orderly population migration is critical in achieving stable and sustainable industrial structure upgrading, especially in the context of the China’s population aging.

A comprehensive diagnosis of eddy–mean flow interaction in the Kuroshio Current (KC) region and the associated energy conversion pathway is conducted employing a state-of-the-art high-resolution global ocean–sea ice coupled model. The spatial distributions of the energy reservoirs and their conversions exhibit significant complexity. The cross-stream variation is found in the energy conversion pattern in the along-coast region, whereas a mixed positive–negative conversion pattern is observed in the off-coast region. Considering the area-integrated conversion rates between energy reservoirs, barotropic and baroclinic instabilities dominate the energy transferring from the mean flow to eddy field in the KC region. When the KC separates from the coast, it becomes highly unstable and the energy conversion rates intensify visibly; moreover, the local variations of the energy conversion are significantly influenced by the topography in the KC extension region. The mean available potential energy is the total energetic source to drive the barotropic and baroclinic energy pathway in the whole KC region, while the mean kinetic energy supplies the total energy in the extension region. For the whole KC region, the mean current transfers 84.9 GW of kinetic energy and 37.3 GW of available potential energy to the eddy field. The eddy kinetic energy is generated by mixed barotropic and baroclinic processes, amounting to 84.9 GW and 15.03 GW, respectively, indicating that topography dominates the generation of mesoscale eddy. Mean kinetic energy amounts to 11.08 GW of power from the mean available potential energy and subsequently supplies the barotropic pathway.

The relative contribution of atmospheric forcing, oceanic preconditioning, and sea ice to Labrador Sea Deep Convection (LSDC) is investigated by conducting three ensemble experiments using a global coupled sea ice–ocean model for the first time. Simulated results show that the atmospheric activities dominate the interannual and decadal variability, accounting for 70% of LSDC. Oceanic preconditioning is more significant in the shallow LSDC years that the water column is stable, accounting for 21%, especially in the central Labrador Sea and Irminger Sea. Moreover, the sea ice contribution is negligible over the whole Labrador Sea, while its contribution is significant in the sea ice-covered slope regions, accounting for 20%. The increasingly importance of sea ice on LSDC and the water mass transformation will be found in the North Atlantic Ocean, if the Arctic sea ice declines continuously. Additionally, there is a 10 Sv increase (85%) in atmospheric forcing to the subpolar gyre in the North Atlantic Ocean, while oceanic preconditioning contributes a 7 Sv decrease (12%). These findings highlight the importance of summer oceanic preconditioning to LSDC and the subpolar gyre, and therefore it should be appropriately accounted for in future studies.