Deep endometriosis (DE) is the most severe subtype of endometriosis, with the hallmark of lesions infiltrating adjacent tissue. Abnormal vascularisation has been implicated in contributing to endometriosis lesion development in general, and how vascularisation influences the pathogenesis of DE, in particular, is of interest. This systematic review followed the PRISMA guidelines to elucidate and examine the evidence for DE-specific vascularisation. A literature search was performed using MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane CENTRAL Library and Europe PubMed Central databases. The databases were searched from inception to the 13 March 2023. A total of 15 studies with 1125 patients were included in the review. The DE lesions were highly vascularised, with a higher microvessel density (MVD) than other types of endometriotic lesions, eutopic endometrium from women with endometriosis and control tissue. Vascular endothelial growth factor, its major subtype (VEGF-A) and associated receptor (VEGFR-2) were significantly increased in the DE lesions compared to superficial endometriosis, eutopic endometrium and control tissue. Progestin therapy was associated with a significant decrease in the MVD of the DE lesions, explaining their therapeutic effect. This review comprehensively summarises the available literature, reporting abnormal vascularisation to be intimately related to the pathogenesis of DE and presents potentially preferential therapeutic targets for the medical management of DE.

Background: Total hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy via minimally invasive surgery (MIS) has emerged as the standard of care for early-stage endometrial cancer (EC). Prior systematic reviews and meta-analyses have focused on outcomes reported solely from randomised controlled trials (RCTs), overlooking valuable data from non-randomised studies. This inaugural systematic review and network meta-analysis comprehensively compares clinical and oncological outcomes between MIS and open surgery for early-stage EC, incorporating evidence from randomised and non-randomised studies. Methods: This study was prospectively registered on PROSPERO (CRD42020186959). All original research of any experimental design reporting clinical and oncological outcomes of surgical treatment for endometrial cancer was included. Study selection was restricted to English-language peer-reviewed journal articles published 1 January 1995–31 December 2021. A Bayesian network meta-analysis was conducted. Results: A total of 99 studies were included in the network meta-analysis, comprising 181,716 women and 14 outcomes. Compared with open surgery, laparoscopic and robotic-assisted surgery demonstrated reduced blood loss and length of hospital stay but increased operating time. Compared with laparoscopic surgery, robotic-assisted surgery was associated with a significant reduction in ileus (OR = 0.40, 95% CrI: 0.17–0.87) and total intra-operative complications (OR = 0.38, 95% CrI: 0.17–0.75) as well as a higher disease-free survival (OR = 2.45, 95% CrI: 1.04–6.34). Conclusions: For treating early endometrial cancer, minimal-access surgery via robotic-assisted or laparoscopic techniques appears safer and more efficacious than open surgery. Robotic-assisted surgery is associated with fewer complications and favourable oncological outcomes.

Background An increased body mass index (BMI) can lead to subfertility; however, current literature fails to exclude the effect of other confounding medical conditions, raising questions regarding the direct link between increased BMI and fertility outcomes. Objectives To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to elucidate the effects of increased BMI on fertility outcomes in females with no other comorbidities. Search strategy A comprehensive search was conducted using EMBASE, MEDLINE and the Cochrane library from January 2000 until July 2023. Data collection and analysis Two authors independently conducted data extraction and assessed study quality. Odds ratio (OR) (dichotomous data), standardised mean difference (SMD) (continuous data) and 95% CIs were calculated. Main results Nine eligible studies were identified: one natural conception and eight assisted reproductive technology (ART). Aggregated data revealed women with BMI ≥25 were less likely to attain clinical pregnancy (OR 0.76, 95% CIs 0.62 to 0.93, p=0.007), with BMI ≥30 associated with a further decreased likelihood of clinical pregnancy (OR 0.61, 95% CIs 0.39 to 0.98, p=0.04). Women with raised BMI required longer duration of stimulation (SMD=0.08, 95% CIs 0.00 to 0.16, p=0.04) and obtained reduced oocytes (SMD=−0.11, 95% CIs −0.18 to −0.04, p=0.002). Conclusions These data demonstrate an adverse impact of being overweight/obese on ART outcomes in women with no other diagnosed medical comorbidities and highlight the distinct lack of data concerning the effects of isolated obesity on natural conception. Infertility represents an enormous burden for couples and society; it is essential to identify and tackle modifiable risk factors to improve chances of conception. PROSPERO registration number CRD42022293631.

Rectal cancer is a highly prevalent disease. Evidence presented in the 2025 phase-III OPERA randomised trial suggests that Contact X-ray Brachytherapy (CXB), with external beam chemoradiotherapy, is a viable organ-preserving alternative to radical surgery. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the clinical effectiveness of CXB in the treatment of rectal cancer. This systematic review was prospectively registered (CRD42021284969) and reported following PRISMA guidelines. Multiple electronic databases were interrogated using the search terms "Rectal cancer", "Contact Brachytherapy", and synonym terms. Clinical complete response (cCR) was the primary outcome. Proportional meta-analyses were conducted and presented as forest plots with summary proportions and 95 % confidence intervals. The literature search identified 973 studies, of which 52 studies encompassing 5447 patients met the inclusion and exclusion criteria and were included in the meta-analysis. Pooled estimates of outcomes were as follows: cCR rate = 82 % (95 % CI 76-88 %), Local Regrowth rate = 20 % (95 % CI 15-25 %), regional metastasis rate = 3 % (95 % CI 2-4 %), salvage surgery rate = 14 % (95 % CI 11-18 %), long-term disease control post-salvage surgery rate = 88 % (95 % CI 78-96 %) and organ preservation = 81 % (95 % CI 74-88 %). CXB in the appropriately selected patient population can achieve long-term disease control and organ preservation whilst avoiding major surgery. Salvage surgery remains a viable option for patients who experience disease regrowth with excellent long-term disease control. Clinicians should discuss CXB with rectal cancer patients, presenting it as a viable and safe alternative to radical surgery. This is particularly pertinent for patients who are stoma-averse or older patients in frail health.