The essence of Chinese entrepreneurship education is to build an “upgraded” version of higher education that can enable China’s modernization through innovations and the sustainable development of the planet, in order to comprehensively and scientifically measure the magnitude of the effectiveness of entrepreneurship education for training the innovative talent, investigate the influencing factors of efficiency, and uncover the existing problems. This study was based on The Entrepreneurship Competence Framework (EntreComp), conducting quantitative research on 606 typical students from 211 undergraduate universities in China who achieved recognition for entrepreneurship achievements at the provincial level or above. This study found that entrepreneurship education has a significant effect on students’ innovation and entrepreneurship literacy, and in descending order of effectiveness, it improves 15 literacies, such as initiative; these are categorized into three domains: innovative action, innovative resources, and innovative thinking. Meanwhile, the more in-depth the entrepreneurship education reform, the more significant the efficiency. Second, there are significant differences in efficacy against the background of different durations of participation, score rankings, and numbers of achievements. There are no significant differences in efficacy between different disciplines and educational backgrounds. Third, the experience of the project leader has a significantly positive effect on efficiency. The current lack of innovative team building is the main factor affecting the effectiveness of innovative talent training in China.

There is a close connection between university student entrepreneurship programs and sustainable development, which are mutually reinforcing: university student entrepreneurship programs provide innovation and vitality for sustainable development, while concepts related to sustainable development can guide the development direction of university student entrepreneurship programs. College students are the driving force of innovation and entrepreneurship. In view of the problems of the failure rate of college students’ entrepreneurial projects, this article constructs a fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model based on the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method. Then, this study uses the hierarchical analysis method to clarify the comprehensive evaluation indexes affecting the maturity of college students’ entrepreneurial projects and takes a student entrepreneurial project of Qingdao University of Technology as an example. Ultimately, specific suggestions are offered to optimize the maturity of college students’ entrepreneurial projects based on the evaluation results so as to improve the probability of success of college students’ entrepreneurship. Great importance is placed on the quality of university entrepreneurship projects and the sustainability of society in this study.