Cancer poses a significant global health challenge, with predictions of increasing prevalence in the coming years due to limited prevention, late diagnosis, and inadequate success with current therapies. In addition, the high cost of new anti-cancer drugs creates barriers in meeting the medical needs of cancer patients, especially in developing countries. The lengthy and costly process of developing novel drugs further hinders drug discovery and clinical implementation. Therefore, there has been a growing interest in repurposing approved drugs for other diseases to address the urgent need for effective cancer treatments. The aim of this comprehensive review is to provide an overview of the potential of approved non-oncology drugs as therapeutic options for cancer treatment. These drugs come from various chemotherapeutic classes, including antimalarials, antibiotics, antivirals, anti-inflammatory drugs, and antifungals, and have demonstrated significant antiproliferative, pro-apoptotic, immunomodulatory, and antimetastatic properties. A systematic review of the literature was conducted to identify relevant studies on the repurposing of approved non-oncology drugs for cancer therapy. Various electronic databases, such as PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar, were searched using appropriate keywords. Studies focusing on the therapeutic potential, mechanisms of action, efficacy, and clinical prospects of repurposed drugs in cancer treatment were included in the analysis. The review highlights the promising outcomes of repurposing approved non-oncology drugs for cancer therapy. Drugs belonging to different therapeutic classes have demonstrated notable antitumor effects, including inhibiting cell proliferation, promoting apoptosis, modulating the immune response, and suppressing metastasis. These findings suggest the potential of these repurposed drugs as effective therapeutic approaches in cancer treatment. Repurposing approved non-oncology drugs provides a promising strategy for addressing the urgent need for effective and accessible cancer treatments. The diverse classes of repurposed drugs, with their demonstrated antiproliferative, pro-apoptotic, immunomodulatory, and antimetastatic properties, offer new avenues for cancer therapy. Further research and clinical trials are warranted to explore the full potential of these repurposed drugs and optimize their use in treating various cancer types. Repurposing approved drugs can significantly expedite the process of identifying effective treatments and improve patient outcomes in a cost-effective manner.

Heterocyclic compounds are that type of substances that are deeply intertwined with biological processes. Heterocycles are found in about 90% of commercially available medicines. In medicinal chemistry, finding new synthetic molecules with drug-like characteristics is a regular problem, which triggered the development of pharmacological molecules, the majority of which are based on N-heterocyclic motifs. Among the heterocycles, the pyrrole scaffold is the most commonly found heterocycle in both natural and synthetic bioactive compounds. Pyrrole has a fivemembered heterocyclic ring with a plethora of pharmacophores, resulting in a library of different lead compounds. Pyrrole derivatives are physiologically active heterocyclic compounds that can be used as scaffolds for antibacterial, antiviral, anticancer, antitubercular, anti-inflammatory, and as enzyme inhibitors. On account of their extensive pharmacological profile, pyrrole and its various synthetic derivatives have drawn much attention from researchers to explore it for the benefit of humankind. This review presents an overview of recent developments in the pyrrole derivatives against multiple therapeutic targets.

Background: Liver injury induced by drugs has become a primary reason for acute liver disease and therefore posed a potential regulatory and clinical challenge over the past few decades and has gained much attention. It also remains the most common cause of failure of drugs during clinical trials. In 50% of all acute liver failure cases, drug-induced hepatoxicity is the primary factor and 5% of all hospital admissions. Methods: The various hepatotoxins used to induce hepatotoxicity in experimental animals include paracetamol, CCl4, isoniazid, thioacetamide, erythromycin, diclofenac, alcohol, etc. Among the various models used to induce hepatotoxicity in rats, every hepatotoxin causes toxicity by different mechanisms. Results: The drug-induced hepatotoxicity caused by paracetamol accounts for 39% of the cases and 13% hepatotoxicity is triggered by other hepatotoxic inducing agents. Conclusion: Research carried out and the published papers revealed that hepatotoxins such as paracetamol and carbon- tetrachloride are widely used for experimental induction of hepatotoxicity in rats.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative brain disorder characterized by memory impairment, dementia, and oxidative stress in elderly people. Currently, only a few drugs are available in the market with various adverse effects. Therefore, to develop new drugs with protective action against the disease, research is turning to the identification of plant products as a remedy. Natural compounds with anti-inflammatory activity could be good candidates for developing effective therapeutic strategies. Phytochemicals, including Curcumin, Resveratrol, Quercetin, Huperzine-A, Rosmarinic acid, genistein, obovatol, and Oxyresvertarol, were reported molecules for the treatment of AD. Several alkaloids, such as galantamine, oridonin, glaucocalyxin B, tetrandrine, berberine and anatabine, have been shown anti-inflammatory effects in AD models in vitro as well as in-vivo. In conclusion, natural products from plants represent interesting candidates for the treatment of AD. This review highlights the potential of specific compounds from natural products along with their synthetic derivatives to counteract AD in the CNS.

Background: Berberine (BBR), an alkaloidal compound found in many plants, is widely used for hundreds of years in the traditional system of Chinese medicine. Objective/Aim: The present review is aimed to summarize the potential of Berberine in the amelioration of various neurological disorders. Methods: The collection of data for the compilation of this review work was searched in PubMed Scopus, Google Scholar, and Science Direct. Of late, researchers are more focused on its beneficial role in neurodegenerative diseases. Result: BBR has proven its protective role in numerous neurotoxicity models including, oxygen-glucose deprivation, mercury-induced, neurodegenerative model by ibotenic acid, and hypoxia caused by COCl2. BBR treatment averts the generation of reactive oxygen species in the oxygen-glucose deprivation model. Further, it subdues cytochrome c along with the divulge of apoptosis-inducing factors that indicate its beneficial action in the management of stroke. BBR diminished hydrogen peroxide-induced neuronal damage by enhancing the PI3k / Akt / Nrf-2 based pathway and showed a preventive impact on neurites of SH-SY5Y cells by averting the formation of ROS and inhibiting apoptosis. The impact of BBR on neurological disorder using a transgenic AD type mouse strain (TgCRND8) showed a reduction in the piling up of amyloid-β plaque. In mice, administration of BBR in the dose range of 5-10m/kg has been reported to raise the levels of serotonin (47%), dopamine (31%), and norepinephrine (29%) in CNS to allay depression. Conclusion: The present review is aimed to summarize the potential of Berberine in the amelioration of various neurological disorders.

Background: Curcumin, a hydrophobic polyphenolic compound present in Curcuma longa Linn. (Turmeric), has been used to improve various neurodegenerative conditions, including Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, Prion disease, stroke, anxiety, depression, and ageing. However, the Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) impedes the delivery of curcumin to the brain, limiting its therapeutic potential. Objective/Aim: This review summarises the recent advances towards the therapeutic efficacy of curcumin along with various novel strategies to overcome its poor bioavailability across the bloodbrain barrier. Methods: The data for the compilation of this review work were searched in PubMed Scopus, Google Scholar, and Science Direct. Result: The review also summarises the numerous toxicological studies and the role of curcumin in CNS disorders. Conclusion: The review also summarises the numerous toxicological studies and the role of curcumin in CNS disorders.