Carotenoid production from oleaginous red yeast has been considered as a safe alternative to chemically synthesized carotenoids commonly used in the food industry, since plant-based carotenoids are expensive and an irregular source for obtaining pigments. This is a summative review on the factors affecting carotenoid production, cost-effective production strategies using various inexpensive feedstock, metabolic engineering, and strain improvisation. The review specially highlights the various potential applications of carotenoids as anti-microbial, anti-viral, antioxidant, anti-cancerous, anti-malarial agents, etc. The importance of such natural and easily available resources for prevention, evasion, or cure of emerging diseases and their plausible nutraceutical effect demands exhaustive research in this area.

Ethyl levulinate (EL) is a bio-based compound obtained from biomass feedstocks useful as a fuel additive, solvent, and precursor of value-added chemicals. The synthesis, characteristics, and industrial applications of EL are reviewed here, with special attention to green chemistry and renewable energy. Methods of production, such as acid-catalyzed esterification, are compared with improvements in catalysts and process optimization. The physicochemical properties, the environmental advantages, and issues of large-scale production of EL are emphasized. More research would be required to promote efficiency and commercial feasibility in supporting its sustainable production of chemicals.

Fungal probiotics boost animal health. There is potential for using fungus probiotics as feed supplements. Fungal feed additives, as we know from earlier research, increase antioxidant capacity and reduce inflammatory responses, which further improves animal health...