We established a light microscopy-based assay that reconstitutes the binding of phagosomes purified from mouse macrophages to preassembled F-actin in vitro. Both endogenous myosin Va from mouse macrophages and exogenous myosin Va from chicken brain stimulated the phagosome–F-actin interaction. Myosin Va association with phagosomes correlated with their ability to bind F-actin in an ATP-regulated manner and antibodies to myosin Va specifically blocked the ATP-sensitive phagosome binding to F-actin. The uptake and retrograde transport of phagosomes from the periphery to the center of cells in bone marrow macrophages was observed in both normal mice and mice homozygous for the dilute-lethal spontaneous mutation (myosin Va null). However, in dilute-lethalmacrophages the accumulation of phagosomes in the perinuclear region occurred twofold faster than in normal macrophages. Motion analysis revealed saltatory phagosome movement with temporarily reversed direction in normal macrophages, whereas almost no reversals in direction were observed in dilute-lethal macrophages. These observations demonstrate that myosin Va mediates phagosome binding to F-actin, resulting in a delay in microtubule-dependent retrograde phagosome movement toward the cell center. We propose an “antagonistic/cooperative mechanism” to explain the saltatory phagosome movement toward the cell center in normal macrophages.

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common problem in pregnant woman. This study examined the frequency of UTI in 137 pregnant women attending Al Mukalla maternity hospital from January to June 2002. Urine samples were examined for UTI microscopically and by culture, and sensitivity tests were done for the organisms isolated using a range of antibiotics. Information on age, trimester, parity and number of pregnancies were also collected for each woman. This study showed that 30% of the women suffered from UTI; Escherichia coli was the most frequently isolated organism (41.5%), and it was highly susceptible to chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, ceftizoxime and amikacin. Of the variables examined, 53.7% of the infected women were in the age group 15-24 years, 48.8% were in their 3rd trimester and 75.6% had 1-3 children.

Dengue fever (DF) is a mosquito-borne viral infection that has recently become a burden worldwide, particularly in low-income countries, such as Yemen. There have been no epidemiological studies on DF in recent years in Yemen. Therefore, based on secondary data, this study aimed to shed light on the epidemiology of DF in Yemen between 2020 and 2024. This was a retrospective analysis using secondary data recorded between January 2020 and August 2024 in the Surveillance Center of the Ministry of Health and Population in Aden. The data was gathered in a Microsoft Excel file and descriptively analyzed. A total of 104,562 dengue cases, aged between 1 and 80 years (SD = 24.93±17.02), were enrolled in this retrospective analysis. A higher proportion of DF cases was recorded among males (58.10%), the age group of 15–24 years (26.11%), in 2020 (30.65%), in the Taiz governorate (39.17%), and in the autumn (28.9%). The total incidence of DF was 103.09 per 10,000 individuals. Additionally, the incidence rate of DF per 10,000 individuals was significantly higher among males (118.3 cases), aged 25–34 years (91.73 cases), in 2020 (31.39 cases), and in the Shabwah governorate (176.96 cases). In general, the total fatality rate was 217 (0.21%), with a high rate among females (0.23%), aged ≥ 65 years (0.75%), in 2020 (0.37%), and the Aden governorate (0.82%). These findings indicate that the rates of DF cases have increased in Yemen over the last few years. Therefore, it is critical to introduce an effective program to prevent DF and control dengue vector transmission in Yemen.

Aim: High rates of morbidity and mortality are associated to bacterial bloodstream infections (B-BSI) in many hospitals, especially in the intensive care unit. This study investigated the prevalence of antibiotic- and multidrug-resistant bacteria isolated from blood samples of patients in intensive care units of university hospitals in the city of Sana'a, Yemen. Subjects and methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on sepsis patients admitted to intensive care units in four hospitals in Sana'a, Yemen, between January 1 and April 30, 2022. The blood cultures of patients suspected of suffering from sepsis were performed. The potential bacterial pathogens were isolated and identified using standard laboratory methods, and microbial susceptibility testing was performed using the disk diffusion technique. Results: For all identified bacteria, the average resistance rate to a broad spectrum of antibiotics tested ranged from 22.5% to 98.1%, with cefazoline (98.1%) having the greatest resistance rates, followed by amoxicillin (87.2%) and cefixime (83%). Vancomycin had a resistance rate of 4.8% whereas erythromycin had a resistance rate of 75% for Gram-positive bacteria. For Gram-negative bacteria, the resistance rates to narrow spectrum antibiotics ranged from 2.3% for colistin sulphate to 84.8% for aztreonam. Our isolates' MDR rates for resistance to at least three classes of antibiotics were 52.2% and 8.7%, respectively, for resistance to 10 different classes of broad-spectrum antibiotics and their subclasses. Conclusion: Gram positive bacteria are highly resistant to erythromycin and penicillin, while gram negative organisms are highly resistant to amoxcillin+clavulanic acid, ciprofloxacin, and all generations of cephalosporins. This study highlights the significance of prompt clinical and bacteriological monitoring among patients in critical care conditions, such as ICU patients, and also illustrates the establishment and rates of Multi Drug Resistance (MDR) pathogens. Peer Review History: Received: 27 August 2023; Revised: 13 September; Accepted: 29 October, Available online: 15 November 2023 Academic Editor: Dr. Asia Selman Abdullah, Pharmacy institute, University of Basrah, Iraq, asia_abdullah65@yahoo.com Received file: Reviewer's Comments: Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 6.0/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.5/10 Reviewers: Dr. Tamer Elhabibi, Suez Canal University, Egypt, tamer_hassan@pharm.suez.edu.eg Dr. Wadhah Hassan Ali Edrees, Hajja University, Yemen, edress2020@gmail.com

Background and objectives: The prevalence of intestinal parasite infection, which can range between 18% and 90%, is one of the most frequently reported diseases in Yemen and poses a serious health issue for schoolchildren. In Thala’a District, Amran Governorate, Yemen, the study's main goal was to ascertain the prevalence of intestinal parasite infection among primary school students. Subjects and methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted from January to April 2022 among 400 schoolchildren, in the age groups 7-12 years. All the children were residents of the city of Thala’a. A pre-tested structured questionnaire was used to collect data. Stool samples were examined for intestinal parasites according to standard laboratory methods. Results: The children's ages ranged from 7 to 12 years, with a mean±SD of 9.52 ± 2.9 years. The results showed that 136/400 (34%) of the tested children were positive for intestinal parasite infection with a higher prevalence of specific intestinal worms (50.4%) than protozoa (33.3%) and coccidian infection (16.3%). The rate of infection alone was also higher than that of multiple parasitic infections (19.3% vs. 14.8%). The highest number of intestinal parasites was 50/400 (12.5%) for Ascaris lumbricoides, and 49/400 (12.25%) for Entameba histolytica followed by 9.8% for Giardia lamblia, 11.5% for Entrobius vermicularis, 6.5% for Cryptosporidium species, 6.5% for Hymenolepis nana, 2% for Schistosoma mansoni, and 0.8% for Trichuris trichiura. Considering the associated factors, boys had a higher infection rate than girls (50% vs. 24.2%) with an OR of 2.6, CI =1.7–3.9 (p < 0.001). A higher rate was also recorded in older children (41%) with an odds ratio of 1.6 (p=0.03). Conclusion: There is a high prevalence of intestinal parasites among school children in Thala’a city, and various control measures are required to control and prevent intestinal parasites among school children. Peer Review History: Received: 3 March 2023; Revised: 22 April; Accepted: 27 June 2023, Available online: 15 July 2023 Academic Editor: Dr. Asia Selman Abdullah, Pharmacy institute, University of Basrah, Iraq, asia_abdullah65@yahoo.com Received file:                             Reviewer's Comments: Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 5.5/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.0/10 Reviewers: Rola Jadallah, Arab American University, Palestine, rola@aauj.edu Dr. Tamer Elhabibi, Suez Canal University, Egypt, tamer_hassan@pharm.suez.edu.eg Dr. Sheikh Abdul Khaliq, Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamdard University, Karachi, Pakistan, drwadhsheikh1974@gmail.com

Background and objectives:  Cutaneous wounds are a common symptom in human medical practice. Understanding the physiology of the wound healing process and using the right therapeutic intervention are necessary for managing the existing healing in wound patients. Infection can cause wounds to take longer to heal, cosmetic surgery outcomes to be less satisfactory, and medical expenses to rise. Due to the dearth of studies in Yemen and other Arabic-nations that describe the different forms, locations, and current understanding of the bacterial causes of wound infection. So, general care hospitals in Sana'a, Yemen, undertook a study to identify the different types, locations, and prevalence of wound contamination caused by various bacteria, as well as to examine the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of wound-isolated bacteria. Subjects and methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out among 699 wound patients with clinically diagnosed wound infections at NCPHL during the years 2021-2022. Pus and wound swab samples were processed using standard microbiological procedures at NCPHL. A modified Kirby Bauer disc diffusion technique was used to investigate the susceptibility of bacteria to various antibiotics. From pre-questionnaire and laboratory records of the NCPHL, clinical information about patients was gathered, including the types and locations of wounds. Results: Out of 699 samples, 580 (82.98%) were positive for bacterial cultures. The most common wound was postoperative (30.8%), followed by diabetic foot ulcer (24.5%), traumatic wound (18.7%) and bullet wound (16.9%), while it was less frequent for caesarean section (5.7%) and sharp cut (2%). The present study revealed that Gram-negative bacteria were less frequent than Gram-positive bacteria (43.3% vs. 56.7%). Also gram-positive bacteria show a very high percentage (92.1%) of multidrug resistant (MDR) in compared to gram-negative bacteria (37.8%). Conclusion: In the current study's wound bacteriological profile, Staphylococcus aureus was shown to be highly prevalent, followed by Escherichia coli, S. epidermidis (CoNS), Acinobacter spp., and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Their sensitivity to widely used antibiotics showed a pattern of decline. It is crucial to be informed of the current bacterial profile trend and to adjust the antibiotic schedule in accordance with sensitivity. Peer Review History: Received: 4 March 2023; Revised: 26 April; Accepted: 20 June 2023, Available online: 15 July 2023 Academic Editor: Dr. A.A. Mgbahurike, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria, amaka_mgbahurike@yahoo.com Received file:                             Reviewer's Comments: Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 5.5/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.0/10 Reviewers: Dr. Sheikh Abdul Khaliq, Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamdard University, Karachi, Pakistan, drsheikh1974@gmail.com Dr. Wadhah Hassan Ali Edrees, Hajja University, Yemen, edress2020@gmail.com Dr. Bilge Ahsen KARA, Ankara Gazi Mustafa Kemal Hospital, Turkey, ahsndkyc@gmail.com