As climate change accelerates, forests play a pivotal role in global carbon dynamics by providing both carbon sequestration and ecosystem resilience. This review synthesizes two decades (2004-2024) of research on the interrelationships between forest carbon sequestration, carbon credit mechanisms, and the economic dimensions of sustainable forest management (SFM). Despite substantial progress, notable gaps persist in the economic valuation of forest carbon credits and their integration into SFM strategies. Drawing on systematic analysis of Web of Science data, it examines four core interconnected research themes: (i) global trends and international collaboration in forest carbon research, (ii) economic valuation of forest ecosystem services to mitigate deforestation and enhance sequestration, (iii) the influence of forest management practices, species diversity, and climate zones on soil organic carbon and its economic value, and (iv) the interplay between economic, ecological, and policy drivers shaping carbon credit markets. Findings reveal a 12.16 % annual growth rate in publications, strong global collaboration (39.11 % co-authorship), and priority research themes such as aboveground biomass, climate change, carbon storage, and carbon credits. Recent emphasis has shifted toward advanced tools (e.g., LiDAR), sustainable management approaches, and interdisciplinary strategies, reflecting a broader focus on climate resilience and policy integration. SFM practices, such as agroforestry, selective logging, and afforestation, emerge as effective for enhancing carbon stocks while generating economic returns. Persistent challenges include policy inconsistencies, insufficient community participation, and a lack of standardized methods for carbon measurement and valuation. Regional disparities in carbon values complicate international trading and climate agreements. Overall, the review offers practical insights for policymakers, researchers, and practitioners by connecting forest management, carbon sequestration, and economic incentives. Moreover, it underscores the need for long-term, socio-economically integrated studies, strengthened policy frameworks, and enhanced cooperation to align SFM with global sustainability objectives.

In the scenario of global climate change, understanding how plants respond to drought is critical for developing future crops that face restricted water resources. This present study focuses on the role of WRKY transcription factors on drought tolerance in tomato, Solanum lycopersicum L., which is a significant vegetable crop. WRKY transcription factors are a group of proteins that regulate a wild range of growth and developmental processes in plants such as seed germination and dormancy and the stress response. These transcription factors are defined by the presence of a DNA-binding domain, namely, the WRKY domain. It is well-known that WRKY transcription factors can interact with a variety of proteins and therefore control downstream activities. It aims to simulate the effect of curcumin, a bioactive compound with regulatory capacity, on the protein–protein interaction events by WRKY transcription factors with an emphasis on drought stress. It was found that curcumin binds to WRKY with an energy of −11.43 kcal/mol with inhibitory concentration (K_i) 0.12 mM and has the potential to improve fruit quality and reinforce drought tolerance of S. lycopersicum, according to the results based on bioinformatics tools. The root means square deviation (RMSD) of the C-α, the backbone of 2AYD with ligand coupled complex, displayed a very stable structure with just a little variation of 1.89 Å. MD simulation trajectory of Cα atoms of 2AYD bound to Curcumin revealed more un-ordered orientation in PC1 and PC10 modes and more toward negative correlation from the initial 400 frames during PCA. Establishing the binding energies of the ligand–target interaction is essential in order to characterize the compound’s binding affinity to the drought transcription factor. We think we have identified a phyto-agent called curcumin that has the potential to enhance the drought tolerance. Compared to the part of the mismatch repair-base technique that can be used to fix drought related genes, curcumin performed better in a drop-in crop yield over time, and it was suggested that curcumin is a potential candidate factor for improving drought tolerance in tomatoes, and it needs future validation by experiments in laboratory and field.

Global climate change is becoming an alarming problem of the 21^st century, with global warming as the biggest challenge. Anthropogenic activities have added significant quantities of greenhouse gases (GHGs) to the atmosphere ever since the Industrial Revolution. The agriculture sector is a significant source of GHG emission in many countries. Crop stubble burning or agricultural biomass burning is one of the highest contributors to this emission. In India, around 92 million tons of crop residue is burned every year, causing several negative impacts on the climate as well as on human health. Under the Kyoto Protocol, Carbon trading and Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) are the two robust processes to mitigate the GHG emissions for any country. In this study, we have assessed the overview of world’s carbon market and analysed how much carbon credit India may have traded in the world carbon market, if emission from the crop residue burning was stopped in the Indian agricultural sector. Further we have fitted an econometric model to determine the effect of carbon trading on other stock market variable.

Chironji (Buchanania cochinchinensis) is an indigenous tree species of Indian subcontinent which belongs to the Anacardiaceae family. It has tremendous potential to uplift the socio-economic status of village dwellers and tribal people. It is used for various purposes including fruits, fuel, fodder and medicines. The species is facing severe ecological and anthropogenic pressures due to indiscriminate harvesting and illicit felling. IUCN has designated Chironji as a vulnerable species indicating that it may be on the verge of extinction if proper conservation measures are not taken very soon. The reports on its conservation and genetic improvement are very less. Hence, it is needed to devise the strategies to conserve its germplasm and genetically improve the species for higher fruit yield. The genetic diversity present in the species is also needed to be studied for effective conservation. Eco-distribution mapping and Molecular characterization using modern tools like molecular markers can give an accurate idea about the genetic diversity in lesser time and will also help in devising the breeding strategies and conservation of its diverse genotype. This review encompasses the researches done on Chironji till date detailing the importance of its genetic diversity and tries to indicate the future conservation and improvement strategies to be taken to fill up the remaining gaps.