The combination of the chemical coagulation-assisted electrocoagulation (CC-EC) process with a solar photovoltaic energy source has attracted increasing attention for the efficient removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD) from pharmaceutical wastewater. In this paper, the CC-EC process has been utilized as an alternative to conventional chemical processes for the treatment of pharmaceutical wastewater. The effects of the various operating parameters, such as coagulant dosage, coagulant type, number of electrodes, the distance between electrodes, electrode configuration, operating time, and current density, on COD removal efficiency were investigated. The results indicated that the optimum conditions were achieved at 500 mg/L of alum dosage, 3.105 mA/cm² of current density, six electrodes with a distance of 4 cm between electrodes, and the MP-S electrode configuration, where the operating cost of conventional energy was 0.283 $/m³. Indeed, by using the CC process alone, the COD removal efficiency was 26% and 61.5% at the optimal dosages of 750 mg/L of NaOH and 500 mg/L of alum, respectively. In the CC-EC treatment, the removal efficiencies of COD were 88.7, 92.9, 94.4, and 89.4% using six electrodes, 2 cm of distance between electrodes, MP-S electrode configuration, and 20 min with 1.553 mA/cm² of current density, respectively. The removal efficiencies of COD achieved through CC, EC, and CC-EC processes were 61.5, 85.4, and 94.4%, respectively.

This research investigates the impacts of applying Green Building (GB) principles within Jordanian construction firms, focusing on their effects on environmental, economic, and social dimensions. A descriptive analytical method was employed, suitable for social and humanitarian research contexts. The study targeted a sample of 15 large construction companies listed on the Amman Stock Exchange, utilizing a random sample of 150 individuals, including heads of departments, engineers, designers, architects, supply chain managers, and directors. Data collection was conducted through questionnaires, with 150 distributed and 110 valid responses received, resulting in an 80% response rate. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software version 22 to calculate means, frequencies, and standard deviations. The findings revealed significant impacts of applying GB principles, with a correlation coefficient of 0.754 for environmental quality, indicating that GB practices account for 56.8% of the variance in environmental outcomes. For residents' health, the correlation was 0.643, explaining 41.3% of the variance, while resource preservation showed a strong correlation of 0.749, indicating substantial contributions. Economically, the principles demonstrated a correlation of 0.705, accounting for 57.3% of the variance in economic performance. These findings underscore the necessity of integrating GB practices into construction projects to enhance sustainability, with recommendations including early integration of green design in project development, establishment of comprehensive green education programs, provision of incentives for existing building owners, and securing funding for renewable energy initiatives. Implementing these strategies is crucial for maximizing the effectiveness of GB practices and advancing sustainable development in Jordan.

Sanitary landfilling is the predominant process for solid urban waste disposal, but it generates leachate that poses environmental, economic, and social concerns. Landfill leachate (LL) contains complex and refractory pollutants and toxic compounds that can vary depending on landfill maturity, age, and biochemical reactions, making its treatment challenging. Due to its unique characteristics and occurrence in remote locations, LL requires separate treatment from wastewater. Various conventional treatment processes involving biological, chemical, and physical processes have been used for LL treatment, but a single treatment process is insufficient to meet environmental standards. This review demonstrates that combined treatment processes are more effective and efficient for LL treatment compared to single processes. Among the various combinations, chemical–chemical and chemical–biological treatments are the most commonly used. Specifically, the integration of Fenton with adsorption and a membrane bioreactor (MBR) with nanofiltration (NF) processes shows promising results. The combined processes of MBR with NF, Fenton with adsorption, and PF with biological treatment show maximum removal efficiencies for COD, reaching 99 ± 1%, 99%, 98%, and 97%, respectively. Additionally, the combined Fenton with adsorption process and EC with SPF process enhance biodegradability as indicated by increased BOD₅/COD ratios, from 0.084 to 0.82 and 0.35 to 0.75, respectively. The findings emphasize the importance of developing and implementing enhanced combined treatment processes for LL, with the aim of achieving efficient and comprehensive pollutant mineralization. Such processes have the potential to address the environmental concerns associated with LL and contribute to sustainable waste management practices.