As a rapidly evolving technology, carbon capture and storage (CCS) can potentially lower the levels of greenhouse gas emissions from the oil and gas industry. This paper provides a comprehensive review of different aspects of CCS technology, including its key components, the methods and stages of carbon storage, implied environmental effects, and its pros and cons. This paper also investigates the utilization of CCS as an alternative method to water injection into oil reservoirs. It also probes the technical and operational challenges of implementing CCS technology in the oil and gas industry. Additionally, this paper examines the regulatory and policy issues associated with CCS, including incentives and frameworks for promoting the deployment of CCS technology. Finally, in this paper the potential benefits of CCS are discussed, including reducing the carbon footprint of the oil and gas industry, enhancing energy security, and supporting the transition to a low-carbon economy.

Smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) is an evolving computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method. With time, it illustrates a great extent of its capabilities to be considered a practical numerical tool for modeling fluid flow in porous media. It is a free mesh particle-based method benefiting from a Lagrangian nature. This feature makes it a suitable candidate for treating the fluid flow within complex geometries on a mesoscale. A sequential approach is used in the various modifications of SPH. Thereby, the preparation time of models in SPH will be less than those made by using grid-based models. This method offers attractive privileges for dealing with moving boundaries and acquiring the time history of the field variables. In this paper, the basic concepts behind SPH are first introduced. Subsequently, the various discretization approaches and considerations for SPH are reviewed. Its application in the presence of solid boundaries and multiphase contacts is then discussed. Following that, the implementation of inflow/outflow boundaries and miscibility conditions are explored. The considerations for thermal effects and its application in porous media are also presented. The techniques for simulating different fluid types and shortcomings within SPH are eventually described. It is shown that SPH has a significant potential for modeling the fluid behavior on mesoscale although it is computationally expensive. The approximation of second- and higher-order derivatives by using SPH could become erroneous. The stability and consistency of SPH vary from one case to another. It implies that each problem requires a particular modification of SPH. There is still no unified version of SPH.

Achieving global net-zero emissions by 2050 demands integrated and scalable strategies that unite decarbonization technologies across sectors. This review provides a forward-looking synthesis of carbon capture and storage and hydrogen systems, emphasizing their integration through artificial intelligence to enhance operational efficiency, reduce system costs, and accelerate large-scale deployment. While CCS can mitigate up to 95% of industrial CO₂ emissions, and hydrogen, particularly blue hydrogen, offers a versatile low-carbon energy carrier, their co-deployment unlocks synergies in infrastructure, storage, and operational management. Artificial intelligence plays a transformative role in this integration, enabling predictive modeling, anomaly detection, and intelligent control across capture, transport, and storage networks. Drawing on global case studies (e.g., Petra Nova, Northern Lights, Fukushima FH2R, and H21 North of England) and emerging policy frameworks, this study identifies key benefits, technical and regulatory challenges, and innovation trends. A novel contribution of this review lies in its AI-focused roadmap for integrating CCS and hydrogen systems, supported by a detailed analysis of implementation barriers and policy-enabling strategies. By reimagining energy systems through digital optimization and infrastructure synergy, this review outlines a resilient blueprint for the transition to a sustainable, low-carbon future.