Operational management of multiple reservoirs and hydropower plants in the Red River Basin (RRB) in Vietnam was investigated for optimal benefit of hydropower generation and to ensure the water supply for agricultural and social–economic development downstream during the dry season. This research will investigate the operation of three hydropower reservoirs, including Hoa Binh, Thac Ba, and Tuyen Quang reservoirs. Those reservoirs are managed under the operating Decision No. 740 of the Prime Minister in 2019, which stipulates the dry season and water - enhanced discharge period to supply water for agriculture and ensures that the minimum water level in Hanoi is above 2.2 m, which may lead to lack of water for hydropower plants. To do this, I used the optimization approach to determine the optimal water discharge scenario in these three reservoirs during the enhanced discharge period (irrigation water supply). Based on the optimal scenario, I calculated the amount of saved water which is then compared with the standard discharge scenario under Decision No. 740. This study also found that there is an increasing economic benefit from saved water and hydropower generation during peak hours (after the winter–spring crop). Addtionally, the results demonstrated that the economic value added by the power generation of three reservoirs is about 401.7 billion VND. If compared with using thermal power plants, it saves 858.0 billion VND.

Vietnam has vigorously developed hydroelectric reservoirs in main river basins with hydroelectricity reserves to produce electricity and exploit and use water resources efficiently and minimally – risks to meet socio-economic development requirements – in the downstream area. The study has shown evidence that the water level's daily mean value of the Ca River is increasingly reduced. However, the number of occurrences of the daily minimum flow was more than that of the period when it was not hydropower reservoirs and was affected by climate change. The study calculated and built five scenarios for water use in the downstream areas. These scenarios are calculated based on the water demand for domestic, industry, irrigation, and water sea level. A simulation model was developed for optimal hydropower generation of reservoir system upstream and forced to discharge downstream with five scenarios. This study's results demonstrated that four upstream reservoirs could operate with scenario 3 corresponding HNam Dan = 0.7 m. The results suggested options for the operation of hydroelectric reservoirs and simultaneously developed scenarios for taking water for agricultural irrigation downstream of the Ca River Basin with water level for irrigation drains and domestic water factories. The benefit of electricity in four reservoirs in scenario 3 reached 1,009 billion Vietnamese Dong (VND).

Flood disasters are increasing worldwide in both frequency and magnitude. Every year in Vietnam, flood causes great damage to people and property, as well as contributes to environmental degradation. Flood management measures are very important to flood risk reduction and policies in Vietnam are...

This study focuses on developing and validating a measurement scale to assess the factors influencing sustainable tourism development, with Long An province as a case study. Based on theoretical foundations and data collected through qualitative discussions with ten experts and a quantitative survey of 500 tourists, the study identifies six key factors: tourism resources, tourism infrastructure, tourism types, regulatory policies, community participation, and tourism demand. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) reveals a total variance explained of 84.967%, confirming high convergent and discriminant validity of the factors. The measurement scales achieve a Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient exceeding 0.9, ensuring reliability and internal consistency. This study contributes to the theoretical understanding of sustainable tourism development by providing a comprehensive framework for future research. Additionally, the developed measurement scales serve as a valuable reference for researchers and practitioners seeking to enhance tourism competitiveness in diverse contexts beyond the study’s focal area. The research findings offer essential scientific tools to support strategic planners and tourism enterprises in formulating effective development strategies, thereby strengthening the theoretical foundation of sustainable tourism while providing practical insights to improve the competitiveness and sustainability of tourist destinations.