Previous research has identified metrics that are applicable to both lean and agile strategies and has hypothesised that financial and efficiency metrics are more relevant to the lean supply chain strategy, while customer service and flexibility metrics are more relevant to the agile supply chain strategy. These metrics need to be assessed empirically to confirm their relevance and validate these hypotheses. Drawing upon contingency theory, which mandates that supply chain performance metrics should vary based on the supply chain strategy, the research methodology resulted in developing a survey instrument that has been subsequently tested in 45 large enterprises and analysed by Partial Least Square-Path Modelling using XLSTAT software v.2020.4. The results support the existing beliefs and suggest that financial and efficiency indicator sets are more applicable to the lean supply chain strategy, whereas customer service and flexibility indicator sets are more pertinent to the agile supply chain strategy. This research distinguishes itself, through its novelty, in validating an adaptable framework for supply chain performance metrics, acknowledging the necessity of developing a suitable supply chain performance system. Ultimately, the findings of this research might serve as an initial foundation for practitioners in shaping the design of supply chain performance systems since the strong relationship between SC strategies and specific metrics may serve as a strategic approach to evaluate and improve performance.

Previous research has been limited in examining the causal relationship between green transformational leadership (GTL) and green supply chain management (GSCM), with the intermediary influence of green human resource management (GHRM), within the pharmaceutical sector of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). This gap persisted despite the recognition in Saudi Vision 2030 of logistics, specifically, supply chain management (SCM), as fundamental to the national development agenda, given that contemporary competitiveness lies in the efficacy of supply chains (SCs) rather than individual companies. Moreover, the achievement of economic progress hinges significantly on how well these accomplishments align with sustainability demands and obstacles. This paper aims to investigate the extent to which GTL fosters GRHM practices to enhance the maturity of GSCM performance in the pharmaceutical industry in the KSA. In other words, the research goal is to explain the variance of GSCM due to GHRM and GTL. Drawing upon the Resource-Based View (RBV) and the Ability–Motivation–Opportunity theory (AMO), GTL can enhance many aspects of GHRM, such as employee performance measurement, training content design, recruitment criteria, and green-based rewards policies, which positively influence GSCM practices. The methodology employed is deductive and translated into a questionnaire derived from a comprehensive review of the existing literature. This questionnaire was subsequently tested through the collection of 111 responses from pharmaceutical companies operating in the KSA. The results show the critical effects of GTL and GHRM on GSCM in this sector. The research provides fresh theoretical perspectives and actionable recommendations based on the outcomes. As for originality, this research explores the contribution of transformational leadership and green human resource management in enhancing SC sustainability. The research provides directions for future research to investigate the mediating or moderating impacts of other significant factors, such as green thinking or eco-friendly behaviour, on SCM sustainability. As for practical implications, this research came up with an in-depth understanding of SC managers and professionals regarding their practices related to sustainability.

This study examines the influence of Knowledge Management (KM) on SMEs’ performance using data from a survey of 210 owners/managers of Algerian Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) operating in the Food and Beverage (F&B) industry. It highlights the moderating effect of trust as a facilitator of the potential acquisition, sharing, and application of the company’s knowledge to improve SMEs’ financial and non-financial performance. To analyze this moderating effect, we used the method of second-generation structural equations (PLS-SEM) using SmartPLS 3.2.7 statistical software. The results show a significant and positive effect of knowledge management on SMEs’ performance. On the other hand, these results indicate that the importance of the direct effect of KM on firm performance became very strong in the presence of a high level of trust. Implications of the study and future directions for research are discussed at the end of the study.