A common malignancy that affects women is breast cancer. It is the second leading cause of cancer-related death among women. Metabolic reprogramming occurs during cancer growth, invasion, and metastases. Functional magnetic resonance (MR) methods comprising an array of techniques have shown potential for illustrating physiological and molecular processes changes before anatomical manifestations on conventional MR imaging. Among these, in vivo proton (¹H) MR spectroscopy (MRS) is widely used for differentiating breast malignancy from benign diseases by measuring elevated choline-containing compounds. Further, the use of hyperpolarized ¹³C and ³¹P MRS enhanced the understanding of glucose and phospholipid metabolism. The metabolic profiling of an array of biological specimens (intact tissues, tissue extracts, and various biofluids such as blood, urine, nipple aspirates, and fine needle aspirates) can also be investigated through in vitro high-resolution NMR spectroscopy and high-resolution magic angle spectroscopy (HRMAS). Such studies can provide information on more metabolites than what is seen by in vivo MRS, thus providing a deeper insight into cancer biology and metabolism. The analysis of a large number of NMR spectral data sets through multivariate statistical methods classified the tumor sub-types. It showed enormous potential in the development of new therapeutic approaches. Recently, multiparametric MRI approaches were found to be helpful in elucidating the pathophysiology of cancer by quantifying structural, vasculature, diffusion, perfusion, and metabolic abnormalities in vivo. This review focuses on the applications of NMR, MRS, and MRI methods in understanding breast cancer biology and in the diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring of breast cancer.

The brain is a target for diabetic end-organ damage, though the pathophysiology of diabetic encephalopathy is still not well understood. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of diabetes on the metabolic profile of brain of patients having diabetes in comparison to healthy controls, using in-vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy to get an insight into the pathophysiology of cerebral damages caused due to diabetes.