Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) remains a global pandemic. Early warning scores (EWS) are used to identify potential clinical deterioration, and this study evaluated the ability of the Rapid Emergency Medicine score (REMS), National Early Warning Score (NEWS), and Modified EWS (MEWS) to predict in-hospital mortality in COVID-19 patients. This study retrospectively analyzed data from COVID-19 patients who presented to the emergency department and were hospitalized between 1 May and 31 July 2021. The area under curve (AUC) was calculated to compare predictive performance of the three EWS. Data from 306 COVID-19 patients (61 ± 15 years, 53% male) were included for analysis. REMS had the highest AUC for in-hospital mortality (AUC: 0.773, 95% CI: 0.69–0.85), followed by NEWS (AUC: 0.730, 95% CI: 0.64–0.82) and MEWS (AUC: 0.695, 95% CI: 0.60–0.79). The optimal cut-off value for REMS was 6.5 (sensitivity: 71.4%; specificity: 76.3%), with positive and negative predictive values of 27.9% and 95.4%, respectively. Computing REMS for COVID-19 patients who present to the emergency department can help identify those at risk of in-hospital mortality and facilitate early intervention, which can lead to better patient outcomes.

Rationale: Swollen legs are commonly observed in clinical practice, and deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is 1 of the causes. Duplicated IVC (DIVC) is a relatively rare anomaly that results in DVT. Patient concerns: A 52-year-old male patient presented to the emergency department because of right leg swelling, pain, and redness for 3 days. His right leg was swollen from the sole to the thigh, with mild tenderness and local heat, without pitting edema. Diagnoses: Laboratory tests showed mild elevated C-reactive protein (CRP) 3.82 mg/dL (reference value: 0–0.79 mg/dL), and notably high levels of D-dimer (25,700 ng/mL; reference value: 0–653). Lower limb computed tomography angiography showed duplication of the IVC (DIVC) and was highly suspicious for venous thrombosis involving the right popliteal vein, superficial femoral vein, common femoral vein, external iliac vein, internal iliac vein, common iliac vein, and inferior vena cava (IVC). Interventions: Enoxaparin (80 mg) was administered subcutaneously, twice daily. After admission, catheter-directed thrombolysis and thrombectomy via the right superficial femoral and popliteal veins were performed. Outcomes: The congestion in the right lower leg improved, and the patient was discharged with rivaroxaban 15 mg twice daily 3 days later. Lessons: A systematic review using the keywords “duplication IVC,” “thrombosis” and “case report” was performed on PubMed until May 2023. Males accounted for 55.2% (16 of 29) of the cohort. The mean ± standard deviation age of the patients was 48.9 ± 17.9 years old. Pulmonary embolism was documented in 27.6% (8 29) of the cases. Regarding treatments, we found that 21 patients (72.4%) used anticoagulants, 20 patients (69.0%) received IVC filter placement, and 7 cases (24.1%) were treated by catheter-directed thrombolysis. Women had a higher proportion of popliteal vein and calf vein thrombosis, with a statistically significant difference (25% vs 61.5%, P = .047 < .05), (12.5% vs 53.8%, P = .017 < .05). The incidence of DIVC is around 0.3% to 0.7% with male predominance. A DIVC is a risk factor for DVT, especially in young people.