Exposure to electromagnetic radiation (EMR) from intermediate frequency sources has increased exponentially in recent years. The consequences of this exposure on biological systems are prompting scientists to study the effects on human health. This current study aimed to determine the effects of intermediate frequency (150 kHz) EMR exposure on the vital organs of female Sprague Dawley rats. The EMR group (n = 10 animals) was exposed to a frequency of 150 kHz with an intensity of 65 ± 15 μW/cm² for two months. The control group (n = 10 animals) was exposed to an intensity of 35 ± 15 nW/cm². Haematological, histochemical, gross, and histopathological profiles of all major organs of all animals were then performed using standard procedures. All major organs generally showed no significant detectable effects in either the control or EMR groups. However, gross and histopathological examinations revealed the effects of EMR on the liver and lungs, which showed inflammatory changes without significant biochemical/haematological manifestations. In addition, a significant increase in serum sodium level and a decrease in serum urea level were also observed in the EMR group. It can be concluded that the current frequency and duration of exposure trigger the changes in the liver and lungs but are not sufficient to cause clinical and functional manifestations. Therefore, a long-term exposure study might be helpful to determine the effects of 150 kHz IF EMR on these organs.

The colossal rise in antimicrobial resistance has led to treatment failures and so mastitis has become cumbersome to treat. The objective of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial effect of non-antibiotic drug, atorvastatin in combination with antimicrobial, ampicillin against two commonly isolated bacterial species Staphylococcus spp and E. coli from bovine mastitis. Milk samples were collected from mastitis cows, visiting Veterinary Clinical Complex. Bacterial isolation was performed using Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB) agar and Mannitol Salt Agar (MSA), followed by characterization and identification by biochemical tests and gram staining. Genotypic confirmation was done by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) with subsequent screening for resistant genes- mec A , bla _TEM . Antibiotic Sensitivity Test (ABST) of the isolates against 12 different antimicrobials, atorvastatin only, and combination of atorvastatin with ampicillin were performed using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of ampicillin alone and ampicillin in combination with atorvastatin were determined by modified microdilution method. Staphylococcus spp (77.5%) and E.coli (35%) were the two major pathogens isolated in the current study and multi-drug resistance was observed. Among the antimicrobials, the ampicillin showed 100% resistance against Staphylococcus spp and 85.71% resistance against E. coli. Atorvastatin did not display antibacterial effect as a sole agent but displayed synergistic antibacterial activity with ampicillin. There was an average increase in Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of ampicillin for E.coli and Staphylococcus spp isolates and atorvastatin decreased the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of ampicillin in combination. The ampicillin shows more resistance against both Staphylococcus spp and E.coli , while atorvastatin improves the effect of ampicillin in-vitro. So, atorvastatin may be combined with ampicillin for the treatment of Gram-positive and Gram-negative infections. However, further studies are required to ascertain the exact mechanism of action of atorvastatin with respect to their antibacterial effect for them to be redeployed as an antimicrobial drug in the future.

Background: Helminthiasis in humans and livestock causes nutritional deficiency, immunosuppression, and poor productivity. The emergence of resistance to conventional anthelmintic drugs such as ivermectin, albendazole, and oxantel necessitates alternative therapeutic strategies. Naaku Poochi Kolli Kudineer Chooranam (NPK), a traditional Siddha polyherbal formulation, is reputed for its worm-expelling properties, but its mechanism of action remains unexplored. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the in silico anthelmintic potential of NPK phytochemicals against key helminthic targets-glutamate-gated chloride ion channel (GluCl), β-tubulin, and nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR), and to assess their pharmacokinetic and toxicity profiles. Materials and Methods: Phytochemicals of NPK were retrieved from the IMPPAT database and screened for physicochemical suitability (PAINS = 0, logP 1.5–4.5). Homology models of Ascaris suum β-tubulin and nAChR ACR-16 were generated using MODELER, while the GluCl structure was obtained from PDB (3RIF). Molecular docking was performed using Discovery Studio 2020 with ivermectin, albendazole, and oxantel as reference drugs. ADMET and toxicity profiles were predicted using Discovery Studio modules. Results: Of the 1687 phytochemicals screened, 225 compounds met the selection criteria. Several, including ellagic acid, luteolin, silibinin, and butein showed higher binding affinities than the reference drugs. Ellagic acid exhibited multi-target activity, binding strongly to GluCl (-101.7 kcal/mol), β-tubulin (-95 kcal/mol), and nAChR (-117.1 kcal/mol). The top compounds interacted with key residues associated with anthelmintic activity. ADMET analysis revealed that butein, butin, 2-methyl-3-glucosyloxy-5-isopropyl phenol, acetyleugenol, acetovanillone, luteolin, nigellicine, and silibinin possessed good solubility, absorption, and non-carcinogenic profiles without predicted hepatotoxicity. Conclusion: The study provides molecular evidence supporting the traditional anthelmintic use of NPK. Its phytochemicals effectively target GluCl, β-tubulin, and nAChR, suggesting potential mechanisms involving neuromuscular paralysis of parasites. These findings identify several bioactive compounds as promising, safe candidates for further in vitro and in vivo validation as next-generation plant-derived anthelmintics.