Predicting length of stay (LoS) and understanding its underlying factors is essential to minimizing the risk of hospital-acquired conditions, improving financial, operational, and clinical outcomes, and better managing future pandemics. The purpose of this study was to forecast patients’ LoS using a deep learning model and to analyze cohorts of risk factors reducing or prolonging LoS. We employed various preprocessing techniques, SMOTE-N to balance data, and a TabTransformer model to forecast LoS. Finally, the Apriori algorithm was applied to analyze cohorts of risk factors influencing hospital LoS. The TabTransformer outperformed the base machine learning models in terms of F1 score (0.92), precision (0.83), recall (0.93), and accuracy (0.73) for the discharged dataset and F1 score (0.84), precision (0.75), recall (0.98), and accuracy (0.77) for the deceased dataset. The association mining algorithm was able to identify significant risk factors/indicators belonging to laboratory, X-ray, and clinical data, such as elevated LDH and D-dimer levels, lymphocyte count, and comorbidities such as hypertension and diabetes. It also reveals what treatments have reduced the symptoms of COVID-19 patients, leading to a reduction in LoS, particularly when no vaccines or medication, such as Paxlovid, were available.

Predicting Length of Stay (LoS) and understanding its underlying factors is essential to minimize the risk of hospital-acquired conditions, improve financial, operational, and clinical outcomes, and to better manage future pandemics. The purpose of this study is to forecast patients’ LoS using a deep learning model and analyze cohorts of risk factors minimizing or maximizing LoS. We employed various pre-processing techniques, SMOTE-N to balance data, and Tab-Transformer model to forecast LoS. Finally, Apriori algorithm was applied to analyze cohorts of risk factors influencing LoS at hospital. The Tab-Transformer outperformed the base Machine Learning models with an F1-score (.92), precision (.83), recall (.93), and accuracy (.73) for discharge dataset, and F1-score (.84), precision (.75), recall (.98), and accuracy (.77) for deceased dataset. The association mining algorithm was able to identify significant risk factors/indicators belonging to lab, X-Ray, and clinical data such as elevated LDH, and D-Dimer, lymphocytes count, and comorbidities such as hypertension and diabetes responsible for extending patients LoS. It also reveals what treatments has reduced the symptoms of COVID-19 patients leading to reduction in LoS particularly when no vaccines or medication such as Paxlovid were available.

The internet of things(IoT), the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), and Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) can be seen everywhere, Home applications, Buildings, Cars, Space Industry, Military, Health Care, and in many other fields. On the other hand, they become an easier target for attackers, due to many reasons including the limitation of hardware, so from that point, companies start working to build a secure systems by keep themselves updated about their system threats and vulnerabilities, and also by studying how the attackers can gets into their system, how they act, what is the attack flow, and also the identity of the attackers by trapping and tricking them into believing that they have got access to the actual system or assets . And that’s what it's called a Honeypot. [1] As the technology keeps changing and becomes more powerful, so do the attackers, and for that reason companies should use new techniques to enhance Honeypots efficacy by making it undetectable by cybercriminals, more usable and make use of the information that the honeypots gather in a more efficient way. Moreover, Machine Learning (ML) techniques are able to provide intelligence to IoT, IIoT, and ICS systems and networks, and enhance its ability to deal with various security problems, hence, in this research, we are developing a new solution that improves the architecture of SCADA (An ICS System) by adding CamouflageNet Honeynet into it and ML techniques, in order to defend and acquisition system security performance.