SARS-CoV-2 is responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic. The structure of SARS-CoV-2 and most of its proteins of have been deciphered. SARS-CoV-2 enters cells through the endocytic pathway and perforates the endosomes’ membranes, and its (+) RNA appears in the cytosol. Then, SARS-CoV-2 starts to use the protein machines of host cells and their membranes for its biogenesis. SARS-CoV-2 generates a replication organelle in the reticulo-vesicular network of the zippered endoplasmic reticulum and double membrane vesicles. Then, viral proteins start to oligomerize and are subjected to budding within the ER exit sites, and its virions are passed through the Golgi complex, where the proteins are subjected to glycosylation and appear in post-Golgi carriers. After their fusion with the plasma membrane, glycosylated virions are secreted into the lumen of airways or (seemingly rarely) into the space between epithelial cells. This review focuses on the biology of SARS-CoV-2’s interactions with cells and its transport within cells. Our analysis revealed a significant number of unclear points related to intracellular transport in SARS-CoV-2-infected cells.

The system of the four different human blood groups is based on the oligosaccharide antigens A or B, which are located on the surface of blood cells and other cells including endothelial cells, attached to the membrane proteins or lipids. After transfusion, the presence of these antigens on the apical surface of endothelial cells could induce an immunological reaction against the host. The final oligosaccharide sequence of AgA consists of Gal-GlcNAc-Gal (GalNAc)-Fuc. AgB contains Gal-GlcNAc-Gal (Gal)-Fuc. These antigens are synthesised in the Golgi complex (GC) using unique Golgi glycosylation enzymes (GGEs). People with AgA also synthesise antibodies against AgB (group A [II]). People with AgB synthesise antibodies against AgA (group B [III]). People expressing AgA together with AgB (group AB [IV]) do not have these antibodies, while people who do not express these antigens (group O [0; I]) synthesise antibodies against both antigens. Consequently, the antibodies are synthesised against antigens that apparently do not exist in the body. Here, we compared the prediction power of the main hypotheses explaining the formation of these antibodies, namely, the concept of natural antibodies, the gut bacteria-derived antibody hypothesis, and the antibodies formed as a result of glycosylation mistakes or de-sialylation of polysaccharide chains. We assume that when the GC is overloaded with lipids, other less specialised GGEs could make mistakes and synthesise the antigens of these blood groups. Alternatively, under these conditions, the chylomicrons formed in the enterocytes may, under this overload, linger in the post-Golgi compartment, which is temporarily connected to the endosomes. These compartments contain neuraminidases that can cleave off sialic acid, unmasking these blood antigens located below the acid and inducing the production of antibodies.

Researched is the process stormy development of information technologies and introduction of such in contemporary education. The article contains brief review of existing problem of distance learning and distant educational technologies at universities. Cases, when it is necessary to create own products to control students’ knowledge and organize distance learning, are detected. Such cases are shown as on example of the most popular and spreading distant learning system Moodle at both Russian and foreign universities. The article’s aim is to show usage efficiency of the author’s system (control automated system), created at Perm national research polytechnic university as web-support for training of students at technical university.

При использовании прямого численного моделирования для оценки величины теплового дрейфа волоконно-оптического гироскопа в условиях внешних воздействий не удается получить расчетные данные, согласующиеся с экспериментом. Одной из причин этого является наличие случайных дефектов, связанных с нарушением регулярности укладки витков оптоволоконного контура гироскопа. Цель данного исследования состоит в оценке степени влияния дефектов укладки оптоволокна на показания гироскопа при внешних нестационарных тепловых воздействиях. Приводятся математическая и компьютерная модели для расчета теплового дрейфа волоконно-оптического гироскопа, а также методология расчета. Основной особенностью предложенной модели является решение задачи термоупругости для регулярной микронеоднородной среды волоконно-оптического массива в конструктиве гироскопа. На основании обработки полевой информации о тепловом и напряженно-деформированном состоянии в витках световода решается задача пьезооптики, целью которой является расчет термически индуцированной «кажущейся» угловой скорости. Приводится расчетный тепловой дрейф гироскопа при изменении температуры окружающей среды от +20 до +60 °С в случае идеального волоконного контура с бездефектной укладкой в сопоставлении с результатами численного моделирования дрейфа с учетом характерных, встречающихся на практике дефектов. Для каждого дефекта приводится его описание с демонстрацией реального расположения в волоконном массиве, а также объяснение причин, вызывающих изменение дрейфа. Полученные результаты расчета убедительно демонстрируют многократное возрастание...