Introduction: Inborn errors of immunity (IEI) are disorders that present a health issue, especially in developing countries where there is a high rate of consanguineous marriages and an increasing rate of diagnosis. One of these disorders is Bare Lymphocyte Syndrome II (BLS II) which is a rare and genetically complex disease that has high morbidity and mortality. The exact genotypic and phenotypic characteristics are still poorly characterized especially in developing countries. Case Presentation: Here, we report the first case of BLS II in a seven-month-old Sudanese female with recurrent chest infections, dermatitis, persistent diarrhea, and failure to thrive. The patient’s all four sisters and three paternal uncles died in early infancy. Laboratory investigations revealed low CD3+, CD4+, and CD8+ lymphocytes, along with normal CD19+ and CD16+ lymphocytes, and low serum IgM and IgA levels. Genetic analysis revealed two CIITA variants; c.2296C >G p. (Pro766Ala) and c.439+1G >A. Conclusion: Further bioinformatics, immunological and clinical workups supported a pathogenic effect of both mutations affecting the function of CIITA protein, and suggesting a compound heterozygote mutation. The patient was started on prophylactic antibiotics and regular intravenous immunoglobulin replacement therapy. The prognosis of this disease is poor in most of the cases, with only a few reported cases surviving until adulthood.

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a systemic protozoan infection caused by Leishmania donovani (L. donovani) and transmitted by sand flies, causing macrophage invasion in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow. Diagnosis of VL is currently based on clinical signs, symptoms, and specific in-vitro markers and bone marrow investigations. However, VL's specific hematological and bone marrow manifestation in Sudanese pediatric patients is not well studied. To examine the blood and bone marrow characteristics in pediatric patients from Sudan who have VL. This is a retrospective hospital-based study with a sample of 107 consecutive Sudanese pediatric patients. The data focused on hematological and bone marrow results. We included only the completed records of the pediatric patients with VL in the Tropical Disease Teaching Hospital in Khartoum, Sudan from the period of 2016 to 2020. The majority of pediatric patients included in this study are below 5-years-old (n = 59, 55.2%). Moreover, anemia, thrombocytopenia, and leukopenia were among the prevalent characteristics in the population under study. To further analyze the data, we developed a machine learning model using boosted forest algorithms to predict L. donovani parasites load, with a mean accuracy of 0.88 for the training dataset and an accuracy of 0.46, 0.50, and 0.74 for mild, moderate, and severe L. donovani parasite load in the validation dataset. This study shows that the most common bone marrow change among Sudanese VL children was increased chronic inflammatory cells (n = 88, 82.2%) with present macrophage hemophagocytes (n = 103, 96.3%). While anemia and thrombocytopenia were the most common hematological changes. These results will hopefully lead to an early diagnosis and hence better management for Sudanese pediatric patients with suspected VL.

Background: Ascaris lumbricoides is a common infectious parasite of the gastrointestinal tract worldwide, but the invasion of the pleural cavity is rare. Case Report: A 45-year-old man from Eastern Sudan presented to the emergency department complaining of breathlessness, cough stained with blood, and chest pain one month before his presentation. Also, he complained of high-grade fever for two weeks associated with sweating. Diagnosis of hydropneumothorax was made and a chest tube was inserted, two days later we found three adult A. lumbricoides worms in the chest drain. Conclusion: The patient was treated with Albendazole 200 mg, orally twice, daily for seven days, he improved and was referred to a cardiothoracic surgeon for more assessment. Our study highlights that internal medicine specialists should know about pleural ascariasis when patients present with respiratory signs and symptoms, especially in A. lumbricoides endemic regions like Eastern Sudan.

Introduction: Hairy cell leukemia (HCL) is a rare lymphoproliferative disorder affecting mature B-cells, predominantly observed in males. It is recognized by cytopenia, splenomegaly, myelofibrosis, and the presence of atypical lymphoid cells exhibiting distinctive cytoplasmic hairy projections. Methods: This is a population-based study that utilized updated HCL clinical data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database, this study identified HCL patients diagnosed between 1978 and 2020. A total of 5669 patients were included after data screening by inclusion and exclusion criteria. Univariate and multivariate COX regression models were used to study the factors that affect the overall survival (OS). Result: Estimated median survival for HCL patients who aged less than 40 years was 39.3 (95% CI: 38.9-39.7 years) compared to 8.8 years (95% CI: 8.0-9.4 years) for HCL patients older than 65 years, which closely approaching life expectancy of general population. Also, patients diagnosed by multiple advanced methods like immunophenotyping and genetic studies exhibited a reduced Hazard ratio (HR) = 0.52 (95% CI: 0.38-0.72) compared to using histology alone. Conclusion: This study found that the life expectancy of HCL patients is very close to that of the general population. Improved OS is associated with recent diagnoses (post-2006), chemotherapy treatment, and usage of multiple advanced diagnostic methods, such as immunophenotyping and genetic studies.

Background: In areas nearby petrochemical industries, petrol/gas stations and due to direct exposure and elevated levels of fumes inhalation is associated with lung diseases and impairment of lung function. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of exposure to petrochemical products on lung function among petrol stations’ employees. Methods and Material: This study was cross section study and the study area was in Khartoum City. It included all employees at 15 Nile petroleum stations (121). Only 64 employees satisfied the inclusion and exclusion criteria and agreed to participate in the study. The data were collected by personal interview questionnaire . Lung function tests were measured by digital spirometer and peak flow meter. The data was entered and analyzed using SPSS program version 25. Descriptive data was presented as means ± SD or percentages. The correlations between different variables were analyzed by ANOVA and Chi square test. P. value < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: the study showed that most of participants had abnormal FVC (78%). This abnormal FVC had a significant correlation with duration of work in years (P =0.04). Most of workers had abnormal FEV1 (89%). This abnormality had significant correlations with duration of work in years (P= 0.03).Additionally, most of workers had abnormal PEFR results (70%). This abnormality had no significant correlation with duration of work in years. Conclusion: Most of study participants had abnormal function. Protective measures and regular checkup are necessary to prevent impaired lung function in petroleum stations' workers.

Ebola virus disease (EVD) emergence is driven by complex interactions among wildlife reservoirs, environmental conditions, and human exposure. Although habitat loss, climate variability, and land-use change are recognized drivers of Ebola virus spillover, they may not fully explain the temporal variability of outbreak occurrence. This study proposes a hypothesis that galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) variability may act as a distal environmental modulator of Pteropodid bats movement by transiently perturbing magnetoreception, thereby increasing opportunities for zoonotic transmission. GCRs intensity is influenced by solar activity and geomagnetic conditions, and periods of enhanced GCR flux are associated with increased atmospheric ionization, secondary particle cascades, and reactive oxygen species generation, processes that may interfere with magnetically mediated orientation. Historical Ebola outbreak records were qualitatively compared with long-term neutron monitor observations from the Oulu Neutron Monitor to explore temporal associations between EVD emergence and GCRs variability. Several historical outbreaks coincided with periods of elevated changing GCR activity, including the May 2026 Bundibugyo ebolavirus outbreak, which occurred during a pronounced increase in GCRs intensity as Solar Cycle 25 approached the A<0, 25/26 solar minimum. Although these observations do not establish causality, they are consistent with a biologically plausible framework in which transient disruption of animal navigation could modify migration, foraging behavior, colony connectivity, and wildlife-human contact. This systems-level hypothesis complements established ecological drivers and provides experimentally testable predictions integrating space weather, bat movement ecology, and epidemiological surveillance to better understand environmental influences on ebolavirus spillover.