There is a need for energy storage to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of energy distribution with the increasing penetration of renewable energy sources. Among the various energy storage technologies being developed, ‘power-to-gas’ is one such concept which has gained interest due to its ability to provide long term energy storage and recover the energy stored through different energy recovery pathways. Incorporation of such systems within the energy infrastructure requires analysis of the key factors influencing the operation of electrolyzers and hydrogen storage. This study focusses on assessing the benefits power-to-gas energy storage while accounting for uncertainty in the following three key parameters that could influence the operation of the energy system: (1) hourly electricity price; (2) the number of fuel cell vehicles serviced; and (3) the amount of hydrogen refueled. An hourly time index is adopted to analyze how the energy hub should operate under uncertainty. The results show that there is a potential economic benefit for the power-to-gas system if it is modeled using the two-stage stochastic programming approach in comparison to a deterministic optimization study. The power-to-gas system also offers environmental benefits both from the perspective of the producer and end user of hydrogen.

Spatially explicit data on organic waste generation is limited, constraining efforts to reduce pollution and to plan for nutrient recovery and renewable energy infrastructure. We address this gap by providing a gridded, high-resolution (30-m by 30-m) dataset of livestock manure and food waste generation rates, along with associated nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) content, across Ontario, Canada for 2021. Manure estimates are derived from census livestock counts disaggregated to individual barns identified using aerial imagery. Food waste is estimated using population and employment data and sector-specific generation coefficients. By allocating livestock to geolocated barns and downscaling food waste to built-up areas, the dataset reveals local hotspots that are obscured in coarser administrative data. We find that 71% of manure is concentrated in just 25% of the producing area, with intensities exceeding 4,700 kg/ha/yr. Food waste shows similar clustering, with nearly 60% generated in 5.8% of the area. These spatial insights support precision siting of waste-to-resource infrastructure, enabling more effective pollution reduction and circular resource recovery.