Arterial stiffness is a recognized predictor of cardiovascular morbidity and death. It is an early indicator of arteriosclerosis and is influenced by numerous risk factors and biological processes. The lipid metabolism is crucial and standard blood lipids, non-conventional lipid markers and lipid ratios are associated with arterial stiffness. The objective of this review was to determine which lipid metabolism marker has a greater correlation with vascular aging and arterial stiffness. Triglycerides (TG) are the standard blood lipids that have the strongest associations with arterial stiffness, and are often linked to the early stages of cardiovascular diseases, particularly in patients with low LDL-C levels. Studies often show that lipid ratios perform better overall than any of the individual variables used alone. The relation between arterial stiffness and TG/HDL-C has the strongest evidence. It is the lipid profile of atherogenic dyslipidemia that is found in several chronic cardio-metabolic disorders, and is considered one of the main causes of lipid-dependent residual risk, regardless of LDL-C concentration. Recently, the use of alternative lipid parameters has also been increasing. Both non-HDL and ApoB are very well correlated with arterial stiffness. Remnant cholesterol is also a promising alternative lipid parameter. The findings of this review suggest that the main focus should be on blood lipids and arterial stiffness, especially in individuals with cardio-metabolic disorders and residual cardiovascular risk.

Chronic venous disease (CVD) and its major manifestation, varicose veins (VV) of the lower limbs, is a common, multifactorial disease that affects a significant percentage of adult and elderly people worldwide. Its prevalence has been constantly increasing with the aging of the population and, particularly, with the obesity pandemic (hence, the term ‘phlebesity’). The major pathophysiological mechanisms that are potentiating each other in a vicious cycle, leading to chronic venous hypertension, are represented by endothelial dysfunction, chronic inflammation, impaired hemodynamics, and venous wall remodeling. Oxidative stress is another pathomechanism responsible for CVD and its complications, with the increased generation of reactive oxygen species and decreased antioxidant defense being reported to contribute to VV formation. Herein, we present evidence for the role of impaired redox homeostasis as pathophysiological mechanism responsible for chronic local and systemic oxidative stress in patients with CVD.

Background/Objectives: Hypertension is strongly linked to changes in vascular function and lipid metabolism. This study aimed to examine the relationship between lipid profiles, various metabolic biomarkers, and pulse wave analysis in patients with hypertension. Methods: A group of 66 hypertensive patients, aged 64 ± 10 years, participated in pulse wave analysis utilizing an oscillometric device. Multiple lipid serum biomarkers were assessed, such as total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), and non-HDL cholesterol (non-HDL). Lipid balance index (LBI) was determined by considering TG, LDL, HDL levels, and lipid-lowering medications. Results: Notable correlations were observed for SBP, DBP, and early vascular aging (EVA) with lipid biomarkers. In addition to serum lipids, metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) were significantly linked to pulse wave analysis variables. Multiple regression analysis showed that only TC continued to have a significant association with DBP. Conclusions: Total cholesterol, triglycerides, non-HDL cholesterol, and lipid balance index provide information about systolic and diastolic blood pressure, as well as early vascular aging in hypertensive patients. LBI offers valuable vascular insights in hypertensive individuals with cardiovascular risk factors, early vascular aging, insulin resistance, and NAFLD. The connection between metabolic biomarkers and pulse wave measurements in individuals with hypertension offers a comprehensive method for the early identification of vascular injury and could enhance the prediction of major cardiovascular events.

Background: Inherited thrombophilia represents a prothrombotic disorder that predisposes to thrombosis. Methods: We present a case of a 67-year-old female with a personal and family history of iterative thrombotic events. She was admitted in the Surgical Clinic at the age of 59, presenting the classical symptoms and signs for left lower limb deep vein thrombosis, confirmed by a venous Duplex Ultrasonography. This was the third episode of a venous thrombosis. Under anticoagulant treatment the evolution was good. The patient was advised to test for inherited thrombophilia mutations. Results: Four years later, she experienced another episode of thrombosis. The patient tested positive for five of the most frequent mutations found in inherited thrombophilia. Conclusions: Patients with recurrent venous thrombosis and positive family history for thrombotic events must be checked for thrombophilic conditions, inherited or acquired.

Pedal acceleration time (PAT) has recently attracted clinical interest for assessing peripheral arterial disease (PAD), particularly in patients in whom ankle–brachial index (ABI) or toe pressure measurements are unreliable or not feasible, yet its diagnostic worth has not been systematically evaluated. We searched MEDLINE, Embase, ScienceDirect, and the Cochrane Library from inception to January 2026 for studies that included adults with suspected or confirmed PAD and used PAT or other acceleration-based duplex measurements, aiming to synthesize evidence on the diagnostic accuracy of PAT for PAD and chronic limb-threatening ischaemia (CLTI) classification and staging, and to explore the association between PAT and established hemodynamic indices via meta-analysis. Nine articles were eligible, including 1115 patients and 1748 limbs. PAT across all studies illustrated strong inverse correlations with existing haemodynamic indices, with correlation coefficients typically ranging from −0.78 to −0.89, while reported diagnostic performance differed but was typically decent (AUC=0.79–0.99). A correlation meta-analysis, based on five of the included studies, revealed significant reciprocal correlations between PAT and ABI in three studies (pooled r ≈ −0.80; I ² = 0%), whereas three studies showed a statistically significant association (pooled r ≈ −0.76) between PAT and Toe–Brachial Index (TBI), with significant heterogeneity (I ² = 97%). Two studies reported inverse correlations of PAT with toe pressure (r = −0.74 and −0.41). This study highlights that PAT consistently correlates with established perfusion indices, and appears to be a valuable measure for detecting CLTI and grading PAD.

Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the associations between serum lipid biomarkers and pulse wave analysis (PWA) variables in patients at high and very high cardiovascular risk, with particular emphasis on age-related differences. Methods: Seventy-six patients at high or very high cardiovascular risk were enrolled and stratified into middle-aged (Group 1) and elderly (Group 2). All participants underwent PWA, and multiple serum lipid biomarkers were measured, including composite lipid indices. Results: In both age groups, PWA parameters showed significant correlations with serum lipid biomarkers. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) was an independent determinant of the lipid balance index (LBI), while pulse wave velocity (PWV) and SBP were independent determinants of the triglyceride–glucose (TyG) index. PWV correlated with age in both groups and was higher in Group 2 for comparable blood pressure values. In middle-aged patients, diastolic blood pressure (DBP) showed significant, independent associations with triglycerides and TyG, indicating a close link between peripheral vascular resistance and metabolic dysfunction in earlier stages of cardiovascular risk. In elderly patients, SBP and pulse pressure were predominantly associated with lipid-derived indices, reflecting the increasing contribution of large-artery stiffness and lipid-driven vascular remodeling with advancing age. Systematic Coronary Risk Estimation 2 (SCORE2) correlated significantly with PWV, the lipid index (LI), and the LBI. Conclusions: Serum lipid biomarkers and PWA-derived hemodynamic variables exhibit a significant, age-dependent interplay in patients with high and very high cardiovascular risk. These findings underscore the importance of age-specific evaluation of lipid–hemodynamic interactions to improve early identification and targeted management of high-risk individuals.