Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research aims to publish findings of doctors at grass root level and post graduate students, so that all unique medical experiences are recorded in literature.

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between lipid peroxidation and dental caries in children with ECC by estimating the levels of MDA in saliva of children. Materials and Methods: A total of 150 children were selected; 75 children with ECC and 75 children without caries (non-ECC). Saliva samples were collected and centrifuged at 12,000 rpm for 24 min at 4°C to obtain a supernatant. MDA levels were estimated by Buege and Aust method by using thiobarbituric acid. The data obtained were analyzed by Student's t-test to compare MDA levels between the groups. Results: MDA levels were higher in children with ECC. There was no statistically significant difference between children with ECC and without ECC (non-ECC). Conclusion: MDA levels were slightly higher in children with ECC, indicating the role of lipid peroxidation in the carious process.

The pathogenesis of enamel caries involves a succession of demineralization and remineralization activities. The net effect can result in lesion consolidation when the redeposited minerals improve the resistance of the surface to the extent that the usual level of cariogenic activity cannot cause mineral dissolution. Since it has been established that the caries process is a continuum, albeit one that is interrupted numerous times daily, it is therefore possible to intervene at any stage with a therapeutic product or an intervention methodology. Incorporation of remineralizing treatments into routine dental care programmes will have a strong impact on the public health aspects of caries control. A recent advancement in the phenomenon of remineralization is the casein phosphopeptides. These casein phosphopeptides localize the amorphous calcium phosphate and are proved to be anticariogenic. This review discusses the mechanism of remineralization by casein phosphopeptide‐amorphous calcium phosphate and its incorporation into various products.

Background: Child dental neglect is the failure of a parent or guardian to meet the child's basic oral health needs such that the child enjoys adequate function and freedom from pain and infection, where reasonable resources are available to family or caregiver. Aim: The aim of the study is to evaluate the phenomenon of dental neglect among children in Chennai and to associate dental neglect with oral health status of children aged 3-12 years. Materials and Methods: This is a cross-sectional study involving 478 pairs of parents and children. Dental neglect scale and a questionnaire were used to assess the dental neglect score among parents of the children involved in the study. Oral health status of children was clinically assessed using oral hygiene index, decayed, extracted, filled teeth (def(t)), pulp, ulcers, fistula, abscess (pufa), decayed, missing, filled teeth (DMFT), PUFA as per the World Health Organization criteria and pufa/PUFA index. Student's t-test and one-way ANOVA were used appropriately for statistical analysis using SPSS software version 20.0. Results: A significant higher dental neglect score was reported among the parents who reside in the suburban location (P < 0.001), whose educational qualification was secondary (P < 0.001) and who have not availed any dental service for >3 years (P = 0.001). A significant higher DMFT (P = 0.003), deft (P = 0 < 0.001), pufa (P = 0.011), and debris index (P = 0.002) scores were seen in the higher dental neglect group. Conclusion: Child dental neglect is seen among the parents whose educational qualification was secondary, who reside in the suburban location, and who have not utilized the dental services for more than 3 years in Chennai. This dental neglect results in poorer oral health of children.

Introduction: Dental anxiety is a kind of fear exerted due to threatening stimuli. Assessing a child's dental anxiety level is very important to perform a particular treatment. The aim of this study is to examine the various factors that determine the anxiety levels in children and evaluate their anxiety levels. Materials and Methods: A total of 50 children participated in the survey conducted. Each participant had fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria to answer the questionnaire. It included questions regarding their habits, fears, and dental visit experience. Evaluation of their anxiety levels was done using the facial image scale (FIS) and the modified dental anxiety scale and was correlated with various factors using the Statistical Package for Social Science Software. Results: Female children are more anxious than male children toward dental treatment. About 38% were anxious and 16% refused while undergoing radiographic examination and showed significant anxiety levels (P = 0.012). About 16% of the population were highly uncooperative and were necessary to implement behavioral shaping techniques on them. It influences the FIS anxiety score before initiation of the treatment (P = 0.003). About 48% of children had maintained a good rapport with the dentist and showed strong significance with the child's anxiety (P = 0.025). Conclusion: Gender and behavior of the child while diagnosis and radiographic examination, implementation of behavioral shaping techniques, and rapport developed between child and dentist are all influencing factors of dental anxiety. The number of visits to the dental clinic, socioeconomic status, kind of amount of consumption of sugars, and type of treatment being done do not contribute to a child's anxiety level.

Background. Tooth injuries lead to functional, aesthetic, and psychological disorders, accompanied by the great concern of the child, the parents, and the dentist. Aim. (a) To assess the prevalence of traumatic dental injury (TDI) and its relationship to risk variables among 8–15‐year‐old school children in Mahbubnagar, India. (b) To collect baseline data as there are limited reports of TDI studies in South India to date. Methods. A cross‐sectional study was conducted among 6643 children from 78 schools in Mahbubnagar using a multilevel random sampling method. The permanent incisors were examined according to the WHO classification using a standard oral mirror and probe. Individuals with clinical evidence of trauma were asked about the details of the injury event using a structured questionnaire. The chi‐square test analyzed the distribution of all measurements in this study with a statistical significance of 0.05. Results. Among the 6643 children from the 78 schools surveyed, 9.3% experienced TDI. TDI occurred in 68% of boys, which was about twice as high in girls at 32%. The most commonly affected teeth were the maxillary central incisors. A higher number of children with an incisal overjet more significant than 3 mm had TDI than the children less than 3 mm, although this difference was not statistically significant. The lip closure incompetence was more common in children with TDI. The most frequent causes of TDI were falls, and the site of occurrence was school. Type I fractures were the most prevalent and most went untreated. Conclusion. The high level of dental trauma and the low percentage of children with trauma seeking treatment emphasize the need for greater awareness among the Mahbubnagar children.