Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc; Zingiberaceae family) is an herb commonly used as a spice and remedy for a broad spectrum of diseases. The essential oil extracted from ginger is an effective antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antifungal agent. The present study has investigated the variations in yield and chemical composition of essential oils of two cultivars (Chinese and Thailand) of ginger locally available in Pakistan. Two different drying pretreatments were employed to observe the changes in compositional variations of the essential oils of ginger. The essential oil extracted from fresh, oven-dried, and sun-dried samples of two different cultivars of ginger was analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The essential oil yield was found to be highest for the sun-dried sample of each variety. The major compounds (>4%) overall in the essential oil of fresh, oven-dried, and sun-dried ginger samples from Thailand origin were camphene, 3-carene, o-cymene, caryophyllene, α-curcumene, sabinol trans, citral, and santalol. Major compounds overall in the essential oil of fresh, oven-dried, and sun-dried ginger samples of Chinese origin were α-pinene, Camphene, limonene, longicyclene, copaene, longifolene, β-sesquiphellandrene, alloaromadendrene, γ-muurolene, α-curcumene, α-farnesene, and citral. The inter-varietal variations and pretreatment methods considerably affected yield and chemical composition. Cluster analysis was performed to validate the results further. Significantly varying compounds responsible for the significant variation among varieties and treatments of the ginger were identifies by using the heat map. There was clear differentiation among Chinese and Thailand varieties due to the variation in the concentrations of the volatile compounds. The results obtained can be helpful for the ginger growers and end users to choose the ginger variety and the way of use that is more beneficial.

Two aminobenzoic acid based crystalline imines (HMBA and DHBA) were synthesized through a condensation reaction of 4-aminobenzoic acid and substituted benzaldehydes. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed for the determination of structures of prepared Schiff bases. The stability of super molecular structures of both molecules was achieved by intramolecular H-bonding accompanied by strong, as well as comparatively weak, intermolecular attractive forces. The comparative analysis of the non-covalent forces in HMBA and DHBA was performed by Hirshfeld surface analysis and an interaction energy study between the molecular pairs. Along with the synthesis, quantum chemical calculations were also accomplished at M06/6-311G (d, p) functional of density functional theory (DFT). The frontier molecular orbitals (FMOs), molecular electrostatic potential (MEP), natural bond orbitals (NBOs), global reactivity parameters (GRPs) and natural population (NPA) analyses were also carried out. The findings of FMOs found that E_gap for HMBA was examined to be smaller (3.477 eV) than that of DHBA (3.7933 eV), which indicated a greater charge transference rate in HMBA. Further, the NBO analysis showed the efficient intramolecular charge transfer (ICT), as studied by Hirshfeld surface analysis.

This study aimed to develop a cost-effective and eco-friendly mosquito-repellent textile finish based on microcapsules incorporated with limonene, camphor, linalool, menthol, and 1-octanol individually. Essential oil-based microcapsules were prepared by the emulsion extrusion microencapsulation method. The concentration of active components was determined by the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) technique at different time intervals. The prepared microcapsules were incorporated into the textile finish to prepare an insect-repellent finish and applied to polyester: cotton (40:60) fabric using a conventional pad-dry cure method. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses were performed to ensure the presence and stability of essential oil components on the fabric. FT-IR spectra showed that peaks observed in the range of (3400–3200 cm⁻¹) and (1720–1600 cm⁻¹) correspond to –OH stretching and bending vibrations in both untreated and microencapsulated essential oil-treated fabric. Mosquito-repellent activity was assessed by exposing treated and untreated fabric to mosquitoes. To study the long-lasting impact of microencapsulation of essential oil components on fabric, mosquito repellency was repeated every 10 to 50 days. Fabrics treated with microencapsulated essential oil components presented higher and longer-lasting protection from mosquitoes than untreated fabrics. Menthol (97%), linalool (93%), and limonene (93%) encapsulated finishes showed significantly higher repellency (>90%) as compared with octanol finishes. The studied mosquito repellent finishes could be ideal candidates for textile finishing industries.

In the current research, a series of five novel azo dyes (1c–5c) were synthesized from azodiene (1a–5a) and azodienophile (1b–5b) via the Diels–Alder reaction.

To address the challenges posed by the complex shapes of hollow parts, this study examined the ultrasonic-assisted granular medium hydroforming (UGMF) process for tubular components. The dynamics of the deformation behavior and deformation control during 6063-T5 aluminum alloy tube free forming by UGMF were studied via simulations and experiments. Based on the ABAQUS software platform, a coupled method based on finite element (FE) simulation analysis and discrete element (DE) analysis for the UGMF free forming process was used. The results showed that ultrasonic vibration (UV) could reduce the forming force required for expansion and promote the flow of material at the end to the forming area as well as inhibit the decrease in the wall thickness. The accuracy of the FE-DE coupled simulation model and a parabolic geometric model was verified by testing. The results found that UV enhances material flow, decreases the forming force needed, and minimizes damage to the granular surface.

Recently, pyrene-based compounds have attracted significant attention for designing advanced organic NLO materials. Herein, a series of pyrene-based derivatives (PyD1–PyD5) was designed with donor–π–acceptor (D–π–A) framework, tailored for potential non-linear optical materials. Structural modeling was performed by introducing end-capped oxazole-based acceptors into the reference molecule (PyR). Quantum chemical calculations were carried out at the M06 functional with 6-311G (d, p) basis set to obtain detailed insights into optical, structural, and electronic properties of designed chromophores. Therefore, various analyses including non-linear optical (NLO), natural bond orbitals (NBOs), transition density matrix (TDM), density of states (DOS), and frontier molecular orbitals (FMOs) analyses were performed. The structural modifications significantly influence on the HOMO and LUMO energies of the derivatives, resulting in reduced energy gaps and enhanced spectral absorption. Among all the designed compounds, PyD4 chromophore exhibited the narrowest energy gap (2.963 eV) with the highest chemical softness (0.337 eV^− 1) and maximum absorption (λ_max = 504.124 nm in the gas phase and 499.694 nm in dichloromethane), highlighting its remarkable optical performance. All derivatives exhibited significant NLO responses, with PyD4 showing the highest first hyperpolarizability (β_total = (5.182 × 10⁴ a.u.) and second hyperpolarizability value (γ_total = 7.73 × 10⁶ a.u.). The above findings highlight the key role of end–capped acceptor tailoring in enhancing NLO response, indicating the potential of these derivatives as efficient NLO materials.