Immune evasion and metabolic reprogramming are two fundamental hallmarks of cancer. Interestingly, lactate closely links them together. However, lactate has long been recognized as a metabolic waste product. Lactate and the acidification of the tumor microenvironment (TME) promote key carcinogenesis processes, including angiogenesis, invasion, metastasis, and immune escape. Notably, histone lysine lactylation (Kla) was identified as a novel post-modification (PTM), providing a new perspective on the mechanism by which lactate functions and providing a promising and potential therapy for tumors target. Further studies have confirmed that protein lactylation is essential for lactate to function; it involves important life activities such as glycolysis-related cell functions and macrophage polarization. This review systematically elucidates the role of lactate as an immunosuppressive molecule from the aspects of lactate metabolism and the effects of histone lysine or non-histone lactylation on immune cells; it provides new ideas for further understanding protein lactylation in elucidating lactate regulation of cell metabolism and immune function. We explored the possibility of targeting potential targets in lactate metabolism for cancer treatment. Finally, it is promising to propose a combined strategy inhibiting the glycolytic pathway and immunotherapy.

To compare the effect of Kinesio taping on ankle functional performance with that of other taping methods (non-elastic taping) in healthy individuals and patients with ankle sprain. A search was performed in electronic databases (MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Library, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure) for studies published up to 31 March 2018 using the following keywords: ankle, Kinesio taping, KT, and tape. Studies on ankle functional performance were selected, and data on Star Excursion Balance Test results, vertical jump height, and range of motion were extracted. Meta-analyses (where appropriate and possible) using either fixed or random effects model, standardized mean differences, and tests of heterogeneity were performed. Ten studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The Star Excursion Balance Test results indicated that Kinesio taping was superior to other taping methods (placebo taping or tension-free taping). The mean difference was 3.2 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.84–5.59, I² = 5%, P = 0.008). In studies in which vertical jump height was measured, a negative effect was observed for other taping methods (athletic taping or placebo taping), but not for Kinesio taping (mean difference = 1.06, 95% CI: 0.19–0.93, I² = 15%, P = 0.02). Both Kinesio taping and common taping had no significant effect on range of motion, with no differences between these methods (I² = 0%, P = 0.80). Kinesio taping is superior to other taping methods (athletic taping) in ankle functional performance improvement.

Introduction: This study aimed to describe the clinicopathological characteristics of recurrent adult granulosa cell tumor and identify the risk factors for recurrence.Material and methods: Seventy recurrent adult granulosa cell tumor patients treated in Peking Union Medical College Hospital between 2000 and 2020 were retrospectively reviewed. The primary outcomes were progression‐free survival after first recurrence (PFS‐R), overall survival after first recurrence (OS‐R) and recurrence frequency. The Kaplan–Meier analysis, univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazard analysis, and the Prentice, Williams and Peterson counting process (PWP‐CP) model were adopted.Results: There were 70 patients included in the study, and recurrence occurred twice in more than 71% of patients, and 49.9% of patients relapsed ≥ three times. The recurrence pattern in over half of the patients at first recurrence was multifocal and distant disease, and abdominal or pelvic mass and liver metastasis were the most common. The 5‐year PFS‐R was 29.3%, and the 10‐year PFS‐R was 11.3%; the 5‐year OS‐R was 94.9%, and the 10‐year OS‐R was 87.9%. Kaplan–Meier analysis demonstrated that patients with distant recurrence and PFS1 (PFS when first recurrence occurred) ≤60 months had worse PFS‐R (p = 0.017, 0.018), and patients with PFS‐R ≤ 34 months had worse OS‐R (p = 0.023). It demonstrated that PFS1 ≤ 60 months (hazard ratio, HR 1.9, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.1–3.4, p = 0.028) was an independent risk factor for PFS‐R, and local lesion at recurrence (HR 0.488, 95% CI: 0.3–0.9, p = 0.027) was an independent protective factor for PFS‐R. In addition, it demonstrated that PFS‐R ≤ 33 months (HR 5.5, 95% CI: 1.2–25.3, p = 0.028) was an independent risk factor for OS‐R. The PWP‐CP analysis showed that laparoscopic operation (at each operation) could significantly increase recurrence times (p = 0.002, HR = 3.4), and no existence of gross residual lesion (R0) at each recurrence operation could significantly decrease recurrence frequency (p < 0.001, HR <0.001).Conclusions: The recurrence pattern in patients with recurrent adult granulosa cell tumor was characterized as late and repeated, multifocal, and distant relapse. It has been demonstrated that PFS1 ≤ 60 months and distant lesion at recurrence are independent risk factors for PFS‐R, and PFS‐R ≤ 33 months is an independent risk factor for OS‐R. The PWP‐CP model showed that the transabdominal approach and surgery reaching R0 could significantly decrease the recurrence frequency.