This study aims to establish the basis for the institutional implementation of the 0th period physical education class to promote the health and academic performance of Korean teenagers. To achieve this goal, this study determined the impact of middle school students’ participation in physical activities during the 0th period on perceived enjoyment and learning attitude. To examine the model, 282 questionnaires were collected from middle school students in a metropolitan city in South Korea. The samples were obtained using the convenience sampling method, and correlation analysis and structural equation modeling were performed using SPSS 21.0 and Amos 21.0. The findings are as follows: first, the participation of middle school students in physical activities during the 0th period had a statistically significant effect on perceived enjoyment. Second, perceived enjoyment had no statistically significant effect on learning attitude. Third, participation was shown to have a significant effect on learning attitudes. These findings supported the academic basis for the implementation of the 0th period physical education class for middle school students and application of practical measures to encourage their participation.

The purpose of this study was to explore the effect of playability in secondary physical education classes in Korea on academic grit and attitudes toward physical education. A total of 296 middle school students located in Seoul and Gyeonggi-do, Korea were surveyed via simple random sampling. Data were analyzed via descriptive statistical analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, reliability analysis, correlation analysis, and standard multiple regression analysis. Three primary results were obtained. First, playfulness was found to have a significant positive effect on academic grit. Specifically, mental spontaneity positively and significantly affected academic passion (β = 0.400), academic perseverance (β = 0.298), and consistency of academic interest (β = 0.297). Additionally, among the sub-variables of playfulness, humorous perspective was found to have a positive significant effect on maintaining consistency of academic interest (β = 0.255). The second primary finding was that playfulness had a significant positive effect on classroom attitudes to physical education. Specifically, physical animation and emotional fluidity were found to positively and significantly affect basic attitudes (β = 0.290 and 0.330, respectively) and social attitudes (β = 0.398 and 0.297, respectively). Third, academic grit was found to have a significant positive effect on PE classroom attitudes. Specifically, academic passion was found to have a positive and significant effect on basic attitudes (β = 0.427) and social attitude (β = 0.358). The results imply that attitude toward school life can be improved through physical activity in secondary physical education classes.

This study explored the effect of basic psychological needs in secondary physical education (PE) classes in South Korea on physical self-efficacy and attitudes toward PE. Data from 296 middle-school students were collected from May to June 2022 in Seoul or Gyeonggi-do. Participants were surveyed via simple random sampling. Confirmatory factor, correlation, and multiple regression analyses were conducted, and reliability was assessed with Cronbach’s α. Basic psychological needs had a significant positive effect on physical self-efficacy. Competence and autonomy positively and significantly affected perceived physical competence (β = 0.535 and 0.320, respectively). Basic psychological needs had a significant positive effect on classroom attitudes toward PE. Autonomy and relatedness positively and significantly affected basic attitudes (β = 0.317 and 0.388, respectively) and social attitudes (β = 0.3498 and 0.213, respectively). Physical self-efficacy had a significant positive effect on PE classroom attitudes. Perceived physical competence and physical self-presentation confidence had a positive and significant effect on basic attitudes (β = 0.258 and 0.166, respectively). The results implied that attitudes toward school life can be improved through physical activity in secondary PE classes.

연구목적: 이 연구는 태권도 도장의 노동환경에서 나타나는 사범들의 불합리한 형태를 구명하기 위하여, Marx의 마르크스주의(Marxism)를 통해 태권도 도장의 노동환경을 분석하는데 그 목적이 있다. 연구방법: 이러한 목적을 해결하기 위하여 마르크스주의를 개념적 준거틀로 설정하고, 문헌고찰을 통하여 결과를 도출하였다. 결론: 이와 같이 수행된 이 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 먼저 태권도 도장의 노동환경에 나타난 마르크스주의적 분석은 자본가가 되어버린 태권도관장과 노동의 대가가 사라진 태권도 도장이라는 2가지 주요개념이 나타났다. 자본가가 되어버린 태권도 관장의 내용은 태권도계의 학연과 지연으로 인한 불합리한 상황, 사범이 느끼는 교육현장의 괴리감, 그리고 관장과 사범 간의 상호관계 불신에서 나타나는 낙인으로 나타났다. 그리고 노동자가 사라진 태권도 도장은 맥도날드보다 못한 사범의 근로조건, 교육자와 노동자의 사이에 있는 사범, 태권도 도장에서 소외를 느끼고 이탈하는 사범이 결국 노동의 합당한 대가를 받지 못한다고 보았다. 이렇듯 태권도 도장의 노동환경에 있어서 관장들은 객관적인 인지가 필요하며, 태권도 도장의 노동환경 개선을 위해 사회문화적인 변화가 필요하다.

This study employed Q methodology to identify and categorize the subjective perspectives of physical education experts on developing physical activity program guidelines for older adults in senior community centers situated in South Korea’s urban–rural hybrid regions. As health promotion for aging populations becomes increasingly important, existing physical activity programs often lack expert-led design and contextual relevance. To address this issue, 25 Q-statements were refined based on a literature review and focus group interviews. Twenty qualified experts participated in the Q-sorting process, and the data were analyzed using centroid factor extraction and Varimax rotation. The analysis revealed four distinct types: (1) infrastructure-focused planning, (2) psychosocial well-being emphasis, (3) instructor–participant relational focus, and (4) structured and accessible design. While participants’ perspectives differed, they consistently emphasized the importance of stress reduction and cognitive engagement across all types. These findings underscore the need for multidimensional, expert-informed, and locally adapted physical activity program guidelines for senior centers, particularly in transitional urban–rural areas. The results offer practical insights for developing evidence-based interventions that support healthy aging and improve the quality of life for older adults.