Stakeholder involvement and preferences are pivotal in the decision-making process for landscape protection within a specific context. However, many decisions regarding landscape protection options still rely on management choices with little or no consideration of all stakeholders. Previous scholars emphasized the importance of establishing an integrated framework to gain an adequate understanding of the process of stakeholders’ decision-making in landscape protection. Therefore, a systematic literature review was conducted on the topic of stakeholders’ involvement and preferences in landscape protection decision-making. This review included research articles published from 2013 to 2023 using two databases and registers, namely, Science Direct and Google Scholar. A total of 110 research articles were identified and qualified for review based on the screening requirements, with an additional 15 documents for theories and backgrounds to provide a better understanding and outcomes for the study. The results of this study were organized based on concepts from the resulting research articles and were integrated to propose a conceptual framework for Stakeholders’ involvement and preferences in landscape protection. Additionally, this study’s findings indicate the significance of incorporating diverse stakeholders and their preferences in landscape protection processes to ensure awareness of inclusivity in decision-making and secure long-term support.

Hot spring landscapes offer enticing development prospects for investors in China. However, due to mounting economic pressures and a lack of coordination among various authorities, inclusive governance has proven ineffective in overseeing development projects centered around hot spring landscapes. Consequently, this manuscript delves into the potential for implementing inclusive governance strategies to safeguard hot spring landscapes in China. This study selected Linyi City as its study site due to its location above a fault zone, which has resulted in the presence of numerous hot springs. Additionally, it has been officially classified as a ‘hot spring city in China’ by the Chinese Ministry of Land and Resources. This study employed a semi-structured expert interview to investigate the barriers that stand in the way of applying inclusive governance to hot spring landscapes. Moreover, the interview investigates the implications of the lack of utilization of inclusive governance strategies for hot spring landscapes. The analysis of the results indicates that experts believed that the current protection policies were ineffective due to the existence of a multitude of barriers, such as the existence of deficiencies in the current policies, the multiplicity of management authorities, differences in visions in decision-making, limited public participation, a lack of awareness and trust from the public, a lack of balance in development approaches, and a limited role of science and technology. This resulted in a lack of proper communication and delegation of responsibilities with regard to inclusive governance strategies for protecting hot spring landscapes. Furthermore, the analysis unveiled diverse implications arising from the non-application of inclusive governance strategies, encompassing aspects such as tourism, economics, environment, sociocultural, and sustainability.

Yimeng cultural heritage landscapes are a crucible of regional identity, historical memory, and dynamic nodes in the context of heritage, tourism, and digital innovation. In the context of sustainable cultural tourism in the digital age, in general, this paper aims to explore the operation mechanism of visitor experience and meaning making of digital exhibitions in the cultural heritage landscape of Yimeng. Building on the Knowledge, Attitude, and Perception (KAP) framework, this work investigates how digital components—such as virtual reconstruction, multimedia storytelling, and interactive exhibits— influence the cognitive understanding (knowledge), evaluative responses (attitudes), and lived experiences (perceptions) of cultural stories by tourists. A qualitative method was employed, and 22 semi-structured interviews were conducted with visitors at the major display sites in Yimeng. Thematic analysis, conducted with the support of the MAXQDA software, generated five primary themes: Authenticity, Preservation, and Cultural Integrity, Emotional Resonance and Psychological Impact, Cultural Recognition and Valuation Enhancement, Community and Environmental Sustainability, and Future Directions and Enhancements. The themes present the everyday encounters and interpretive narratives that tourists create within these digital interactions, and in doing so, suggest how these technologies can facilitate cultural meaning-making, participatory learning, and emotional attachment to heritage. The findings are practically valuable for heritage practitioners, digital content developers, and policymakers who aim to develop inclusive and engaging digital heritage environments for cultural sustainability and meaningful visitor connection, as well as improved KAP outcomes.

The village with historical and cultural accumulation not only is the witness of the interaction between human activities and natural environment but also contains a lot of intangible cultural heritage. It is an important research object in the history of human social development and has great reference value for the construction of modern Humayun settlements. With the continuous change of modern rural landscape, the traditional engineering drawing cannot meet the needs of people for spatial information measurement. There are some problems such as slow drawing, low precision, and poor benefit, so computer drawing must be used. Therefore, this paper puts forward the research on rural landscape spatial information recording and protection based on 3D point cloud technology under the background of Internet of Things and realizes the recording of rural landscape spatial information through the construction of 3D point cloud spatial information recording model. The experimental results show that the improved unit point cloud spatial information recording model has better feature extraction effect and feature point extraction efficiency, and can classify the point cloud more carefully. At the same time, the scene 3D point cloud classification method based on conditional random field can better deal with the interference factors in the outdoor landscape and show a better classification effect.