Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen causing severe infection in animals and humans. This study aimed to determine the ecological distribution and prevalence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) P. aeruginosa isolated from dairy cattle, the environment, and workers’ hand swabs. Samples (n = 440) were collected from farms and households (n = 3, each). Rectal swabs, udder skin swabs, milk, workers’ hand swabs, feed, water, water sources, and beddings were collected. Samples were subjected to the bacterial identification of P. aeruginosa via 16S rRNA. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) was detected either phenotypically using an antibiotic susceptibility test or genotypically with AMR resistance genes (ARGs) such as drfA, sul1, and ermB. P. aeruginosa was detected on dairy farms and households (10.3–57.5%, respectively), with an average of 23.2%. The resistance of dairy farm strains was observed against sulfamethoxazole, imipenem, cefepime, piperacillin–tazobactam, and gentamycin (100%, 72.7%, 72.7%, 68.8%, and 63.3%, respectively). Meanwhile, the resistance of household strains was observed against sulfamethoxazole, imipenem, amoxicillin, gentamicin, cefepime, and erythromycin by 91.3%, 82.6%, 75.4%, 75.4%, 68.1%, and 63.8%, respectively. The susceptibility of farm strains was detected against norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and levofloxacin (90.9%, 84.8%, and 72.7%, respectively). Meanwhile, the susceptibility of household strains was detected against ciprofloxacin, amikacin, and norfloxacin (100%, 84.1%, and 72.5%, respectively). About 81.4% of P. aeruginosa strains were MDR. ARGs (drfA, sul1, and ermB) were detected in farm strains (48.5%, 72.7%, and 24.4%, respectively) and household strains (50.7%, 72.5%, and 47.8%, respectively). Almost all P. aeruginosa had MAR over 0.2, indicating repeated application of antibiotics. P. aeruginosa prevalence was fivefold higher in households than on farms. MDR strains were higher amongst household strains than farm strains.

This study aims to detect the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Listeria monocytogenes and Cronobacter sakazakii in three dairy households and dried milk from different suppliers, and evaluate the antimicrobial effect of rose water, rose, and orange essential oils. In total, 360 samples were collected from cattle, the environment, and dried milk (n = 30). Antimicrobial activity was evaluated with twofold microtube dilution and the time-kill method. L. monocytogenes was identified in all households (13.3%) with a prevalence in the range of 5.8–17.5%, while C. sakazakii was identified in one household (5.3%). The former and latter pathogens were highly isolated from the feces at 20% and 2.5% and bedding at 12.5% and 1.6%, respectively. L. monocytogenes was isolated only from milk at 7.5%, but C. sakazakii was not detected in either milk or dried milk. L. monocytogenes strains were screened for virulence genes (iap, hylA, and actA). All strains were positive for the iap gene, while for hlyA and actA, the percentages were (35.4% 16.6%, respectively). L. monocytogenes strains showed high resistance against sulfamethoxazole–trimethoprim (100%), followed by gentamicin, penicillin, and imipenem (95.8%, 95.8%, and 91.6%, respectively). All C. sakazakii strains were susceptible to all tested antibiotics. The bactericidal activity of orange oil was the strongest, appeared after 1 h for both pathogens, followed by rose oil and then rose water.

The ethanolic extracts of Spondias mangifera fruit (SMFE) were evaluated for aphrodisiac activity. The in-vitro phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE-5) inhibition was assessed based on in-silico molecular docking and simulation studies. In addition, the in-vivo sexual behavior was analyzed in the form of mount (MF, ML), intromission (IF, IL), and ejaculation (EF, EL) frequencies and latencies to validate the in-vitro results. Some biochemical parameters, including PDE-5, nitric oxide, and testosterone, were also observed. The above extract constituted β-amyrin, β-sitosterol, and oleanolic acid and showed tremendous binding with phosphodiesterase-5 and sildenafil. Both the sildenafil and ethanolic extracts (200 and 400 mg/kg/d bodyweight) significantly (p < 0.1, p < 0.05) increased MF, IF, and EF, respectively. In contrast, ML and IL significantly (p < 0.1) decreased, and EL significantly (p < 0.1) increased compared with a normal group of animals. The ethanolic extracts (200 and 400 mg/kg/d bodyweight) and sildenafil further significantly (p < 0.05, p < 0.1) diminished PDE-5 activity significantly (p < 0.05, p < 0.1) and enhanced nitric oxide and testosterone levels, as compared with normal rodents. Therefore, the S. mangifera ethanolic extract might be a valuable alternate aphrodisiac for erectile dysfunction.

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) participate in cancer initiation, metastasis, and therapy tolerance, presenting a formidable challenge in cancer treatment. Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) have been established as a potential strategy for selectively targeting and eradicating CSCs, thereby overcoming resistance mechanisms and preventing tumor recurrence. ADCs integrate a monoclonal antibody specific to CSC surface markers, such as CD44, CD133, EpCAM, and ALDH1, with a potent cytotoxic payload linked by a stable chemical linker. Upon antigen binding, ADCs undergo receptor-mediated internalization, leading to intracellular payload release and CSC apoptosis. Recent advances in ADC technology have enhanced selectivity and efficacy while minimizing off-target toxicity. Preclinical studies demonstrate that CSC-targeted ADCs, including CD133- and CD44-directed therapies, effectively deplete CSC populations in glioblastoma, breast, colorectal, and lung cancers. EpCAM-targeted ADCs have also shown efficacy in epithelial tumors with potential synergy in combination immunotherapies. Moreover, emerging approaches, such as bispecific antibodies and optimized linker chemistry, further refine CSC-targeted ADCs for clinical applications. Despite these advancements, challenges remain, including CSC heterogeneity, immune evasion, and limitations in biomarker specificity. Addressing these hurdles requires continued innovation in ADC engineering, novel payloads, and combinatory strategies with immune checkpoint inhibitors or CAR-T cell therapies. While clinical evaluations are still in the early phases, preliminary trials underscore the potential of CSC-targeted ADCs in revolutionizing precision oncology. This review explores the mechanisms, recent developments, and prospects of CSC-targeted ADCs, highlighting their transformative potential in cancer immunotherapy.

Obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular illnesses have known risk factors in the pathophysiology of an unhealthy diet. Obesity now affects almost a third of the world’s population and is widely seen as a side effect of the Industrial Revolution. The current study aimed to determine natural phytoconstituents that have a significant role in the management of obesity. In this view, we have selected the plant Boerhavia diffusa which has different pharmacological actions and is traditionally used to treat sickness caused by lifestyle modification. The methanolic extract of the plant material was prepared and then further fractionated by means of solvents (n-hexane, chloroform, n-butanol, and water). The absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET) analysis was done by taking the active constituent of the plant (Punarnavine, Boeravinone B, and Eupalitin). The molecular docking analysis of these compounds is also performed by targeting the cannabinoid receptor (CR). Structural analysis of the best complex was done using the Discovery Studio visualizer tool. High-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) analysis was done by using a solvent system (chloroform and methanol in a ratio of 8:2). The in vivo study was done on the Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats treated with a high-fat diet to induce obesity and different parameters such as body weight, behavioral activity, organ fat pad weight, lipid profile, and liver biomarkers (AST, ALT, BUN, and creatinine) were estimated. The result of the study suggested that the phytoconstituents of B. diffusa upon molecular docking revealed the possible binding mechanisms with the CR and thus show potent anti-obesity action.

This study’s goal is to use a Box–Behnken design [BBD] methodology to create a new reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography diode-array detection [RP-HPLC-DAD] method for the simultaneous quantification of Amitriptyline and Propranolol in tablet dosages. The amitriptyline and propranolol standard drug peaks were obtained using a C-18 column with a dimension of 4.6 × 100 mm and a particle size packing of 2.5 µm at the retention time of 5.328 and 7.48 min, respectively. The mobile phase composition was a 75:25 mixture of methanol and 0.1 percent orthophosphoric acid, flowing at 1.0 mL/min at 26 °C. The peaks were identified at 257 nm after injecting 20 µL of the sample. An assay of the marketed tablets was performed, and the result was 101.33 and 99.4% for amitriptyline and propranolol, respectively, when compared to the standard calibration curve. Forced degradation investigations, such as acid, base, H₂O₂, and neutral condition, were performed. The results for both medications in term of % degradation were as follows: amitriptyline (16.07, 91.92, 26.98, and 0.64) and propranolol (15.84, 11.52, 9.09, and 3.62). According to the ICH criteria, the findings of the validation parameters were within an acceptable range. The new RP-HPLC-DAD method with BBD application is easy, accurate, and time-saving.