Immobilization of enzymes is one of the most promising methods in enzyme performance enhancement, including stability, recovery, and reusability. However, investigation of suitable solid support in enzyme immobilization is still a scientific challenge. Polyethersulfone (PES) and aminated PES (PES–NH₂) were successfully synthesized as novel materials for immobilization. Membranes with various pore sizes (from 10–600 nm) based on synthesized PES and PES–NH₂ polymers were successfully fabricated to be applied as bioreactors to increase the immobilized lipase performances. The influence of pore sizes, concentration of additives, and the functional groups that are attached on the PES backbone on enzyme loading and enzyme activity was studied. The largest enzyme loading was obtained by Mucor miehei lipase immobilized onto a PES–NH₂ membrane composed of 10% of PES–NH₂, 8% of dibutyl phthalate (DBP), and 5% of polyethylene glycol (PEG) (872.62 µg/cm²). Hydrolytic activity of the immobilized lipases indicated that the activities of biocatalysts are not significantly decreased by immobilization. From the reusability test, the lipase immobilized onto PES–NH₂ showed a better constancy than the lipase immobilized onto PES (the percent recovery of the activity of the lipases immobilized onto PES–NH₂ and PES are 97.16% and 95.37%, respectively), which indicates that this novel material has the potential to be developed as a bioreactor for enzymatic reactions.

Magnetic Fe₃O₄ nano-particles were prepared successfully from commonplace sands as a raw material. The nano-particles were synthesized by chemical co-precipitation of high purity iron separated from commonplace sands through acidic leaching. The characterization of the synthesized nano-particles was performed using X-ray diffraction, fourier transform infrared, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and potential zeta. Finally, the nano-particles were used for adsorption of humic acid (HA) from aqueous solutions using batch adsorption technique. The effects of pH, adsorbent dosage, agitation time, initial HA concentration, and temperatures on HA adsorption were evaluated. The adsorption of HA onto nano-particles followed the Sips isotherm and pseudo-second order kinetics models. Thermodynamic parameters data indicated that the HA adsorption process was non-spontaneous and endothermic under the experimental conditions. The adsorption of HA from peat water (the real sample) using the nano-particles demonstrated that they were an adsorbent with great potential for the removal of HA from peat water.