Zero echo time musculoskeletal MRI is a novel technique that generates images similar to those of CT or radiography, thereby opening new possibilities for one-stop imaging of a wide spectrum of con... Zero echo time (ZTE) imaging is an MRI technique that produces images similar to those obtained with radiography or CT. In ZTE MRI, the very short T2 signal from the mineralized trabecular bone mat...

In September 2018, an international meeting of doctors of various disciplines, with expertise in the detection and treatment of DDH, was held in Csolyospalos, Hungary. The aim was to achieve consensus on the detection and early treatment of the condition and to develop a standardized system of teaching and training for hip ultrasound. There was strong agreement that US screening is essential. Specifically the Graf technique was selected as the technique of choice. Universal US screening was strongly favored. Screening should be carried out as soon as possible, but not later than the sixth week of age. US screening is cost-effective, does not result in overtreatment, and contributes to a reduction of long-term consequences. The essential principle of treatment is timely application of a device to achieve reduction, retention and maturation, by holding the hips in flexion, and a safe degree of abduction. It was agreed that the effectiveness of any screening policy depends on the correct scanning technique. Therefore, standardization of teaching and training of the Graf technique is mandatory. A unified teaching policy and materials should be developed for this purpose. Certification, re-certification and audit were discussed. The group, which has been formalized as the International Interdisciplinary Consensus Committee On DDH Evaluation (ICODE), will continue to meet and work towards establishing international consensus on DDH, standardizing and developing teaching and training of the Graf technique for hip US, and maintaining standards for detection and management.

The purpose of this work was to establish criteria for the diameters of normal extraocular muscles and superior ophthalmic vein and width of the optic nerve-sheath complex, to determine normal globe position as seen on MRI, and to investigate the effects of age and sex on these structures. Diameters of the extraocular muscles and superior ophthalmic vein, width of the optic nerve-sheath complex, and distance from the interzygomatic line to the posterior margin of the globe were calculated for 200 normal orbits of 100 patients on T1-weighted MR scans. Normal ranges for diameters of the extraocular muscles were as follows (mean ± 2 SD): medial rectus, 3.2–4.9 mm; lateral rectus, 2.6–4.8 mm; inferior rectus, 3.7–6.0 mm; superior group, 3.1–5.6 mm; superior oblique, 2.4–4.1 mm. The normal position of the posterior pole of the globe was 8.9 mm behind the interzygomatic line (range 5.0–12.7 mm). The mean diameters of the extraocular muscles in male patients were significantly larger than those in female patients (p < 0.001). These data may be of value in quantitatively evaluating MRI of the orbit.