Background: Following the extraction of a tooth, bone resorption can cause significant problems for a subsequent denture implant and restorative dentistry. Thus, the tooth extraction socket needs to be maintained to reduce the chance of any alveolar ridge bone resorption. Objective: The objective of this study is to determine whether the administration of mangosteen peel extracts (MPEs), combined with demineralized freeze-dried bovine bone xenograft (DFBBX) materials for tooth extraction socket preservation, could potentially reduce inflammation by decreased the expression of nuclear factor κβ (NfKb) and receptor activator of nuclear factor-κβ ligand (RANKL), to inhibit alveolar bone resorption, and increased of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP2) expressions to accelerate alveolar bone regeneration. Materials and Methods: This study consists of several stages. First, a dosage of MPE combined with graft materials was applied to a preserved tooth extraction socket of a Cavia cobaya. Second, the C. cobaya was examined using immune histochemical expression of NfKb, RANKL, BMP2, as well as histology of osteoblasts and osteoclasts. The research was statistically analyzed, using an analysis of variance test and Tukey honest significant difference test. Results: The results of this research were that it was determined that MPEs combined with graft materials on a preserved tooth extraction socket can reduce NfKb, RANK, and osteoclasts also increase of BMP2 and osteoblast. Conclusion: The induction of MPEs and DFBBX is effective in reducing inflammation, lowering osteoclasts, decreasing alveolar bone resorption, and also increasing BMP2 expression and alveolar bone regeneration.

Carbonate apatite-chitosan scaffolds (CA-ChSs) were fabricated using the lyophilization technique. It was found that ChSs prepared with 200 mg chitosan powder (ChSs200) had well-structured three-dimensional architecture with high porosity and good retentive form without brittleness. In addition, it was shown that the number of osteoblast-like cells MC3T3-E1 proliferated on desalinated ChSs200 was larger than that on the non-desalinated ChSs200. CA-ChSs were fabricated by adding 100 mg carbonate apatite (CA) to 200 mg chitosan gels followed by freeze-drying (CA100ChSs200). SEM observation revealed that CA100ChSs200 had favorable three- dimensional porous structures. The number of living cells increased more rapidly on CA100ChSs200 prepared with different amounts of CA than on ChSs. ALP activity significantly increased after day 14 and reached a plateau after day 21 in ChSs200 and CA100ChSs200. It was concluded that newly developed CA100ChSs200 may be a possible scaffold material for tissue engineering.

Purpose: The aim of this study is to asses the relationship between the level of sIgA and dental caries experience in healthy children who are 6- to 9-years-old from Indonesia. The case-control study is conducted to determine the protective role of salivary secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) levels in the stimulated whole saliva of dental caries-active and caries-free children. Methods: This research was done by stimulating the whole saliva which had been collected from 6- to 9-years-old children with the index def-t≥3 of 30 children as the caries-active children group and 30 children with def-t<3 as the low caries-active children group. Saliva samples were collected in sterile vials between 10 am-12 pm due to the circadian rhythm, which is at least one hour after last meal. 1,5 ml of collected salivary sample was centrifuged, then the supernatants was transferred to other tube and stored immediately to the laboratory at a temperature of –20 °C. The estimation of sIgA concentration was done by using ELISA. The differences in the level of sIgA between the two groups with caries were analyzed using the t-test afterward. Results: The total salivary concentration of sIgA was statistically significantly higher in the low caries-active children group than in the caries-active children group. Conclusion: The total salivary concentration of sIgA was statistically and significantly higher in the low caries-active children group than caries-active children Group. There is a negative correlation between sIgA level and dental caries activity of 6 to 9-years-old children.

Objective This study aims to combine natural propolis with bovine bone graft (BBG) as a means of extraction socket preservation after 3 and 7 days toward expression of heat shock protein (HSP) 70 and osteocalcin to regenerate bone. Materials and Methods The Cavia cobaya were divided into eight groups, each consisting of seven samples. Their lower left incisors were extracted and induced with PEG, propolis extract, BBG, and a combination of propolis extract BBG. The research subjects were terminated on days 3 and 7 postextraction. Immunohistochemical and histopathological examinations were subsequently performed to observe HSP 70 expression, osteocalcin expression, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts. Statistical Analysis Data obtained were then analyzed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey’s honestly significant difference (HSD) tests. Results Both the groups with the combination of propolis extract and BBG on days 3 and 7 were found to present the highest number of HSP70 expression, osteocalcin expression, and osteoblast cells as well as the lowest number of osteoclasts. Conclusion Both the groups with the combination of propolis extract and BBG on days 3 and 7 were found to present the highest number of HSP70 expression, osteocalcin expression, and osteoblast cells as well as the lowest number of osteoclasts.

Bone defect is still a major problem in dentistry. Solving this problem, tissue engineering becomes one of the promising methods for bone regeneration. One of main component of tissue engineering is scaffolds. Hydroxyapatite (HA) and natural polymer are widely used for scaffolds in bone tissue engineering due to similarity to the natural bone. In this study, the author prepared the scaffolds from bovine hydroxyapatite (BHA), gelatin (GEL) and chitosan (K). The prepared scaffolds were analyzed by using FTIR and SEM-EDX. In addition, its swelling and degradation rate are also included in this analysis. The results are (1) FTIR reveals the compositions of the scaffolds, and it consists of BHA, GEL, and K; (2) SEM-EDX reveals the elements of the scaffolds, and it consists of carbon (C), oxygen (O), natrium (Na), magnesium (Mg), phosphor (P), and calcium (Ca); (3) the scaffolds' swelling rate is good due to its hydrophilic composition; (4) and the degradation rate is low within three days. The four results show that the BHA-GEL-K scaffolds could be one of biomaterial candidate for bone tissue engineering.