Flavonoids are organic compounds characterized by a range of phenolic structures, which are abundantly present in various natural sources such as fruits, vegetables, cereals, bark, roots, stems, flowers, tea, and wine. The health advantages of these natural substances are renowned, and initiatives are being taken to extract the flavonoids. Apigenin, galangin, hesperetin, kaempferol, myricetin, naringenin, and quercetin are the seven most common compounds belonging to this class. A thorough analysis of bibliographic records from reliable sources including Google Scholar, Web of Science, PubMed, ScienceDirect, MEDLINE, and others was done to learn more about the biological activities of these flavonoids. These flavonoids appear to have promising anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antioxidant, antiviral, cytotoxic, and lipid-lowering activities, according to evidence from in vitro, in vivo, and clinical research. The review contains recent trends, therapeutical interventions, and futuristic aspects of flavonoids to treat several diseases like diabetes, inflammation, bacterial and viral infections, cancers, and cardiovascular diseases. However, this manuscript should be handy in future drug discovery. Despite these encouraging findings, a notable gap exists in clinical research, hindering a comprehensive understanding of the effects of flavonoids at both high and low concentrations on human health. Future investigations should prioritize exploring bioavailability, given the potential for high inter-individual variation. As a starting point for further study on these flavonoids, this review paper may promote identifying and creating innovative therapeutic uses.

Cancer is a disorder that rigorously affects the human population worldwide. There is a steady demand for new remedies to both treat and prevent this life-threatening sickness due to toxicities, drug resistance and therapeutic failures in current conventional therapies. Researchers around the world are drawing their attention towards compounds of natural origin. For decades, human beings have been using the flora of the world as a source of cancer chemotherapeutic agents. Currently, clinically approved anticancer compounds are vincristine, vinblastine, taxanes, and podophyllotoxin, all of which come from natural sources. With the triumph of these compounds that have been developed into staple drug products for most cancer therapies, new technologies are now appearing to search for novel biomolecules with anticancer activities. Ellipticine, camptothecin, combretastatin, curcumin, homoharringtonine and others are plant derived bioactive phytocompounds with potential anticancer properties. Researchers have improved the field further through the use of advanced analytical chemistry and computational tools of analysis. The investigation of new strategies for administration such as nanotechnology may enable the development of the phytocompounds as drug products. These technologies have enhanced the anticancer potential of plant-derived drugs with the aim of site-directed drug delivery, enhanced bioavailability, and reduced toxicity. This review discusses mechanistic insights into anticancer compounds of natural origins and their structural activity relationships that make them targets for anticancer treatments.

Crinum asiaticum L. (Amaryllidaceae) is a perennial bulbous herb, locally utilized for possessing multifaceted pharmacological properties including anticancer, immune-stimulating, analgesic, antiviral, antimalarial, antibacterial and antifungal, in addition to its popularity as an aesthetic plant. Separation of MeOH extract of C. asiaticum leaves yielded three known compounds as cycloneolitsol (1), hippeastrine (2) and β-sitosterol (3). Among these, compounds 1 and 2 were subjected to the cytotoxic assay and found that they induced mild effect against HCT116, Huh7 and DU145 cell lines with the IC₅₀ values from 73.76 to 132.53 μM. When tested for TRAIL-resistance abrogating activity, 1 (100 μM) along with TRAIL (100 ng/mL) showed moderate activity in AGS cells producing 25 % more inhibition than the agent alone. Whereas 2 (20 and 30 μM) in combination with TRAIL (100 ng/mL) exhibited strong activity in abrogating TRAIL-resistance and caused 34 % and 36 % more inhibition in AGS cells, respectively. The in-silico studies of compound 2 revealed high docking hits with the TRAIL-associated anti-apoptotic proteins which give a justification for the regulatory interactions to induce such abrogating activity. It is still recommended to conduct further investigations to understand their exact molecular mechanism.

Structural damage inflicted to a wide variety of bioorganic compounds (DNA, protein, carbohydrates, and lipid) may occur as a consequence of oxidative damage which is naturally attributed to our daily lifestyle. A number of mechanisms are exploited to neutralize the reactive oxygen species. Medicinal plant can play a pivotal role of detoxifying the generated ROS. Leeamacrophylla (Leeaceae), a wild medicinal plant, has been taken into consideration of having antioxidant and cytotoxic properties. In this study, in vitro DPPH free radical scavenging activity, total phenolic content and total flavonoid content of methanol extract from the leaves of L. macrophylla were determined with using UV spectrophotometric method. Antioxidant activity of the crude extract was expressed as percentage of DPPH free radical inhibition and IC50 value (μg/ml). The IC50 value of L. macrophylla was found to be 152.40μg/ml. Compared to standard ascorbic acid (4.36 μg/ml), L. macrophylla leaf extract has moderate antioxidant property. The total phenolic content was 65.75 mg/g of dry weight of extract, expressed as gallic acid equivalents. The total flavonoid concentration was 59.8 mg/g, expressed as quercetin equivalents. In the brine shrimp lethality test, LC50value of crude methanolic extract obtained from the best-fit line slope was 3.06μg/ml which was significant comparing with control (vincristine sulphate). Above results suggested that the L. macrophylla can be regarded as a promising candidate for natural plant sources of antioxidants with high value.