The protective effect of biochanin A (BCA) on the histopathology, immunohistochemistry, and biochemistry of thioacetamide (TAA)-induced liver cirrhosis in vivo was investigated. There was a significant reduction in liver weight and hepatocyte propagation, with much lower cell injury in rat groups treated with BCA (25 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg) following a TAA induction. These groups had significantly lower levels of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA). The liver homogenates showed increased antioxidant enzyme activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), as well as decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. The serum biomarkers associated with liver function, namely alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and gamma glutamyl transaminase (GGT), returned to normal levels, comparable to those observed in both the normal control group and the reference control group. Taken together, the normal microanatomy of hepatocytes, the inhibition of PCNA and α-SMA, improved antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, and GPx), and condensed MDA with repairs of liver biomarkers validated BCA’s hepatoprotective effect.

Alpinetin is an original medicinal plant flavonoid derived from Alpinia katsumadai and has several biological activities. The current research aimed to evaluate the hepatoprotective effects of Alpinetin against thioacetamide (TAA)-induced liver cirrhosis in rats. Five groups of rats were utilized in this study. Hepatic injury was measured macroscopically and microscopically for entire groups. The rats’ body weight was significantly lower in the TAA control group, likened to rats fed with Silymarin or Alpinetin groups, while liver weight was significantly greater in the TAA control group when equated to rats nourished with Alpinetin groups. A histopathological investigation of hepatic tissues displayed that TAA remarkably induced hepatocyte necrosis and gristly connective tissue propagation in the TAA control group. Alpinetin implicitly decreased the influence of TAA toxicity and diminished fibrosis of liver tissues. The TAA control group presented an increase in liver enzymes (ALP, ALT, and AST) and a decrease in total protein and albumin. Rats who were fed Alpinetin had significantly lower hepatic enzyme activity as well as augmented total protein and albumin, yet they were close to the normal range. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and Catalase (CAT) enzymes in hepatic homogenate were significantly reduced, and malondialdehyde (MDA) was meaningfully elevated in the TAA control group, while rats fed with Alpinetin had significantly increased SOD and CAT achievement and depressed MDA level. Alpinetin-gavaged groups had reduced levels of Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and Interleukin-6 (IL-6), significantly down-regulated Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), Alpha-smooth muscle (α-SMA), and reduced hepatic stellate cell activity. However, the TAA control group significantly up-regulated PCNA and α-SMA and increased the activity of hepatic stellate cells. Alpinetin was nontoxic and could improve defensive mechanisms against hepatic tissue injury. Acute toxicity tests discovered no evidence of any toxic signs or dead rats, which highlights the safety of Alpinetin. Consequently, the investigation´s outcomes revealed that the hepatoprotective effects of Alpinetin in TAA-induced hepatic impairment might be due to reduced TAA toxicity, increased protein and albumin, increased SOD and CAT levels, reduced MDA levels, and modulation of inflammatory cytokines and their anti-oxidant activities, and suppressed PCNA and α-SMA.

The present study aimed to detect the presence of anti-Toxoplasma, anti-rubella, and anti-cytomegalovirus (CMV) antibodies in the sera of dumpsite workers of Erbil Governorate. Eighty nine male dumpsite (Kany Qrzhala, Erbil Governorate) workers were included in this study. Serum was obtained for the detection of anti-Toxoplasma, anti-rubella, and anti-CMV antibodies using an automated cobas e411 immunoassay analyzer. No anti-Toxoplasma IgM antibodies were detected in any of the workers’ sera, while (25.84%) showed a positive result for anti-Toxoplasma IgG antibodies. All workers’ sera had no anti-rubella IgM and IgG2 antibodies, while (62.92%) of them revealed the presence of IgG1 in their sera. Anti-CMV IgM was found in (2.25%) of the sera, while (13.50%) of the sera revealed the presence of anti-CMV IgG antibodies.

This study was carried out to indicate the number of infected individuals with ear infection from different genders and ages determine the antibiotic sociability for the ear swab bacterial isolates. A total of 82 ear swabs were obtained in Erbil City from various hospitals and labs. Males made up 48 (59%) of the 81 samples, while females made up 33 (41%). 0-10 years had the most bacteria isolated from ear swabs, followed by 11-20 years and then 21-40 years. Pseudomonas spp. were the most prevalent bacteria found in all of the swabs (43 percent). Pathogenic bacteria were found in 70% of the samples, while no growth was seen in 30% of the swabs. Many bacterial isolates were found to be sensitive to the antibiotic Amikacin, which was determined to have the best effect on 35 of them. Clotrimazole was shown to be the least effective antibiotic on numerous bacterial strains, with 19 being resistant.

The study included 258 Syrian refugees of different ages and sex and another 60 volunteers as control group (C.G). These refugees were in Kawergosk camp in Erbil Governorate. Blood was collected from each individual for the estimation of white blood cell (WBC), eosinophil, iron, hemoglobin (Hb), and immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels. Mean serum levels of IgE among male and female refugees showed highly significant increasing when compared to C.G. Most of the refugees had normal iron levels, where iron concentrations were more than 65 mg/dl among 67 males and more than 50 mg/dl among 104 females and 48 children, while some had iron deficiency in which the majority were female (9 males, 24 females, and 6 children had iron deficiency). In addition, Hb concentrations were normal among 65 males (more than 13.0 g/dl), 89 females (more than 11.0 g/dl), and 48 children (more than 12.0 g/dl). However, anemia was found among 8 men, 42 women, and 6 children. It was revealed that there was a highly significant rising in eosinophils in male and female refugees in comparison to C.G. WBC count is non-significantly slightly increased in both male’s and female’s refugees when compared to C.G.

A seroepidemiological study of the TORCH panel was conducted on inhabitants of Erbil City to provide updated baseline data on TORCH prevalence. 508 individuals were included in this study. 218 (42.91%) were females and 290 (57.09%) were males. Their ages ranged from 13 to 63 year, the majority being within the age group (21-30 years), 162 (31.89%), (P < 0.05). 20 individuals (3.94%) tested positive for anti-TOX IgG antibodies. One of the 20 (5%) tested positive for anti-TOX IgM antibodies, who was a 32-year-old female. 128 individuals (25.2%) (all females) tested positive for anti-Rubella IgG antibodies. 40 individuals (7.87%) were positive for anti-CMV IgG antibodies. One of the 40 (2.5%) also tested positive for anti-CMV IgM antibodies, who was a 26-year-old male. 18 individuals (3.54%) tested positive for anti-HSV-1 IgG antibodies. One of the 18 (5.56%) also tested positive for anti-HSV-1 IgM antibodies. One 18-year-old male (0.2%) tested positive for anti-HSV-2 IgG antibodies, and none were positive for anti-HSV-2 IgM antibodies. The results suggest the presence of Toxoplasma, CMV, HSV-1 and HSV-2 infections among the community, the majority (P < 0.05) being CMV followed by TOX and HSV-1 and finally HSV-2. The positive IgG results of Rubella are most probably due to the obligatory vaccination program for females. Despite the fact that the majority of positive cases were for IgG, enhancing vaccination efforts and providing comprehensive health education is crucial for enhancing the well-being of the Erbil population.